Axon

Introduction A vertebrate is characterized by the vertebral column as it is part of their axial skeleton. Its main function is to act as a communication pathway between the brain and the body of the vertebrate. Usually, vertebrates have a fixed number of vertebral column, but there are variations in the number of vertebral columns within the cetacean species. Dolphins are vertebrates and are one of the fastest swimming species due to their morphological stability. The morphology can determine…

The basal ganglia (BG) receives input at the striatum from the cortex and provides output from the pallidum, in particular the globus pallidus internal (GPi) via the ventral anterior and lateral (VA/VL) thalamic nuclei to the cortex – forming a motor loop.1,2 There are two major pathways in this motor loop, the direct and indirect pathways.1,2 The direct pathway originates in the cortex, projecting to the striatum of the BG which consists of the caudate and putamen nuclei.1,2 The striatum…

The Quick Guide to VNG Interpretation was a concise summary of the VNG test battery in the context of anatomy and physiology of the balance system. The four anatomical sites that contribute to the human sense of balance include the visual system, balance system, proprioceptors, and the brain. The visual system contains oculomotor neurons and eye muscles while the balance system contains semicircular canals, otolith organs, vestibular nerves and nuclei. The proprioceptors include the spinal cord,…

#2 Describe in detail the structure and function of any of the following: the nervous system, the brain, the endocrine system. Include charts with you description if you desire. Simple moments, decisions or reactions all have one thing in common, the brain. The brain is the control center for human’s entire body, giving signals at all times on what to do or how to respond. Nerves that connect your body to the brain are responsible for gather information to give to the spinal cord to give to…

Last there is the brain. The brain is the control focal point of the human body. The human brain stores data, corresponding that data with other data to offer the body some assistance with making selections and to have the body put the decisions into actions. The brain and spinal cord are created from the neural tube. The neural tube then extends causing the tube to then makes three locales called the primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon. The…

Nervous tissues have neurons and nerves that support cells. Its function is to send impulses to different areas of the body. It reacts to stimuli and conducts impulses to different organs in the body that carry a response to the stimulus. Nerve tissues are in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves which are all made up of neurons. http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/lc/humanbio/4/lchb4_3a.html Cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system is made up of your heart, your blood…

Lafora disease is a rare, inevitably fatal, autosomal recessive, progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Being autosomal recessive, the disease is most commonly seen in communities that practice consanguinity. The onset of the disease occurs within the first two decades of life, with an average life span of 10 years following diagnosis (Monaghan & Delanty, 2010). Lafora disease is characterized by myoclonic and tonic-clonic seizures and neurological dysfunction, such as dementia (Monaghan & Delanty,…

The experiments showed that the rate of action potentials can be affected by different stimulus and obstacles, like temperature or rate of which the action potential reaches the source though different obstacles. The earthworm experiment showed that action potentials work best under normal temperatures at which the organism can operate under like room temperature. Like in the FM imaging experiment it showed that most the earthworms sensors are on the surface of the earthworm, if the temperature…

Almost all multicellular organisms contain a nervous system, which allows them to sense changes in their environment or induce muscle contractions through electrical impulses. The majority of nerves cells that make up the nervous system are excitable cells, as they have the ability to produce an electric current to formrom an action potential from using a concentration gradient of ions across their membrane (Sherwood, 2013). The current generated by the flow of sodium (〖Na〗^+) and potassium (…

The human body contains a bundle of nerves which serve as a communication board for the motor functions of the body, as well as its sensory system (F. Sarhan, D. Saif, A. Saif, 2013). The spinal cord encompasses 31 different nerves (F. Sarhan, D. Saif, A. Saif, 2013). When there is damage to one or any of the spinal cord nerves, this can comprise the relay of the motor and sensory messages coming to and from the brain, causing major deficits in these areas (F. Sarhan, D. Saif, A. Saif, 2013).…