Axon

B12 aids in the metabolism. Vitamin has multiple roles essential for the body. Besides the major roles . B12 also helps keep the cells myelinated with fatty proteins. The myelin sheath surrounds nerves and acts as an insulator. When B12 is low axons aren’t myelinated which is why there are neuron problems associated with B12 deficiency.…

Congenital optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a condition in which one or both optic nerves are not fully developed, giving the appearance of abnormally small, pale optic nerve heads upon fundus examination (AAPOS, n.d.). In comparison to the size of the disc, the retinal blood vessels appear larger than normal, when in actuality the vasculature is of normal caliber (Kaur et al, 2013). This non-progressive developmental abnormality is typically characterized by a combination of neurological,…

I need my brain to know when to move. When playing volleyball, I need to be able to move around in order to get to where the ball had been hit. In order to do this my brain uses neurons to transmit signals to my body that allows me to make quick motions. Sensory neurons send messages from my muscles and sensory organs, like my eyes and ears, to my brain and spinal cord. My brain then processes that message and sends a response back to my muscles via motor neurons. If, for instance, one of my…

The cell body is where the dendrites receive the electrical impulse from another nerve cell and start a new action potential. The cell body then deviates to the axon hillock at the base of the cell body, where the action potential begins to propagate. To propagate an action potential, several steps must occur. The cell will first depolarize, meaning the sign inside the cell membrane will flip and amplify toward…

Autism Autism spectrum disorder refers to a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication that begin at a young age, which commonly exhibits repetitive behaviors and restricted interests (Xiao et al., 2014). This pervasive developmental disorder is more prevalent in males than in females and has recently gained more attention because of its rapid increase in prevalence (Xiao et al., 2014). Today, it is estimated that 69.5 per…

the brain: grey matter and white matter. Grey matter receives and stores impulses. Cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia are in the grey matter. White matter in the brain carries impulses to and from grey matter. It consists of the nerve fibres (axons). the neuron is the basic unit in the nervous system. It is a specialized conductor cell that receives and transmits electrochemical nerve impulses. A typical neuron has a cell body and long arms that conduct impulses from one body part to…

Corporal Punishment: Cruel and Unusual Corporal punishment is defined by Merriam-Webster as a punishment intended to cause physical pain on a person. This was the typical form of punishment used by slave owners. They would use this form of punishment to make the slaves fear them to keep the slaves under their control. They needed this amount of control to deter the slaves from revolting and causing an uproar because of the harsh ways they were treated. During that time in our history the slave…

Rett syndrome is when gene “…MeCP2, a protein that dims the activity of many genes in nerve cells that influence synapse formation or function. The Absence of MeCP2 causes dendrites, tree-like structures on neurons that receive incoming messages, to contain fewer spines, or spots for synapses to grow. The synapses that do develop do not function normally” (Bilimoria). Affecting mostly females this syndrome causes the connections to be extremely weak. Rett syndrome causes slow growth, loss of…

be some common underlying mechanisms between autism and synesthesia, which Baron-Cohen et al. (2013) cited as potentially being neural hyper-connectivity. Baron-Cohen et al. (2013) provide the hypothesis that faulty axonal pruning, differences in axon guidance, disinhibition and atypical border formation may be responsible for the neural hyper-connectivity. Baron-Cohen et al. (2013) also cite a hypothesis that suggests that savantism arises from individuals with the condition of synesthesia…

nervous system was identified. In the studies of Jean-Martin Charcot, he named the disease that would eventually become known as “Multiple Sclerosis”. Multiple Sclerosis, or MS, is an autoimmune disease that makes your body attack the covering of the axons of the nerves, known as the myelin sheath, in the brain and along the spinal cord. This can cause a disruption in the communication between the brain and the rest of the body. ("Multiple Sclerosis Information Page.") This can lead to…