Aversives

(CRF)(Johnson et al, 2016). These changes were said to be the effort of the brain to counteract the hedonic effect of drug use (Solomon and Corbit, 1974) and eventually results in negative affect, which drives addictive behaviours in order to alleviate the aversive emotional state. Hedonic Homeostatic Dysregulation (HD) Model by Koob and le Moal divided the addiction…

and evaluates the literature published on this topic with the main focus on new findings. The aim of this review is to provide a more current and up-to-date status of oxytocin as a neurohormone relevant to the phenomenology of social cognition and aversive social behaviors in schizophrenia. This review also provides an update of clinical trials of the benefits of oxytocin in…

Most people believe that negative reinforcement is a punishment, but it is not a punishment in any way. All it means is when something that is aversive is removed from a situation. An example of a negative reinforcement is hitting the snooze on an alarm. Two other concepts that are widely misused is schizophrenia and dissociative identity disorder. Most people think the two mental illnesses are…

Loss aversion is a phenomenon where people accept the value of the loss bigger than the gain. Here is an experiment on loss aversion carried out by a psychologist named Justin kruger. The research targeted Illinois State University. Researchers asked students which one seems to have higher probability of choosing a correct answer between sticking to the first answer and changing the answer. 75% of students answered that the first answer would be the correct answer rather than the changed one.…

Happiness is a simple, yet difficult concept to grasp. Everyone has experienced happiness at some point in their lifetime, which makes the sensation so common among humanity. Although we as a society familiarize ourselves with the idea of happiness, the true value of this is emotion is strenuous to comprehend. Happiness is not a measurable, tradable, or profitable trait, yet at the end of the day, it is what us as humans truly seek. Being immersed in the feeling of happiness is so desirable and…

bring yourself up again. It is easy to gradually proceed on, but when things hit rock bottom it will be hard to get back up. Others need to work hard and be determined that they will succeed one day, but until that comes it will be a rough ride. Aversive racism allows a person to maintain their positive self-image, similar to colorblind racism but it doesn't relate in any conflict that justify against other racial groups. Through my life experience, I have been surround by many different race. I…

A variety of factors and influences can affect a child’s interactions in a group setting. Often, accommodations made within the classroom setting can help to support a child who is struggling with maintaining acceptable behavior. Other times, a student may require a more structured behavior intervention plan to provide a unified approach to support the student in the classroom setting. Some of the elements that could impact a child’s ability to interact appropriately in an educational setting…

Eric Fisher In addition to the use of biofeedback mechanisms as interventional tools for reducing stress & anxiety, increasing the efforts aimed towards managing & minimizing the stressors that lead to those aversive emotional feelings of apprehension, helplessness, and a sense of threatened selfhood (Stuart 2013) are important preventative strategies to implement for stress reduction. “Stress” occurs from prolonged exposure to stressor elements such as external/internal…

One of the best known movies of this century, Remember the Titans, is a timeless classic that is continuously being featured all over the nation. The 2000 film, touched on a subject that has been and continues to be prevalent in our society since the founding of America, racism. The wildly successful film focuses on a newly racial integrated football team in a small town in Virginia. Based on a true story, an African American football coach, Herman Boone, is appointed as the new head coach in…

Posttraumatic stress disorder, otherwise known as PTSD, is a psychological disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or an unnatural disaster. Symptoms include anxiety, flashbacks, sleep disturbances, nightmares, anger and irritability. Accompanying, are increased heart rate and blood pressure, as well as heightened arousal. Nearly half of all patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder also suffer from…