Aversives

Bandura (1977) found that in addition to diminishing proneness to aversive arousal, such approaches also teach effective coping skills by demonstrating proficient ways of handling threatening situations. The learner’s expectation of being able to handle the stress may further increase self-efficacy. Those who come to believe that they are less vulnerable than they previously assumed are less prone to generate frightening thoughts in threatening situations. Those whose fears are relatively weak…

The modulatory function of the LHb in depression is intensively investigated by neuroscientists at the moment. The LHb is a structure located ventral in the diencephalon at the stalk of the pineal gland and is thought to be a regulator of monoaminergic brain regions (Geisler et al., 2008). The misregulation of monoamines in the brain is tightly connected to the altered neurotransmission seen in depression, this is known as the monoaminergic theory of depression (Skolnick, 2002). More…

“There's just two kind of people, the sinner and the saint; There's one that gets and always got while the other poor one ain't.” This song from the 1930s, “Rich Man and the Poor Man” by Bob Miller, describes the trust issues between social groups and connects to the trial in Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. In this time, racism and social injustice were prominent issues and have made a lasting impact how society views other races and social groups. In the 1930s, racial quarrels and…

1) List all stakeholders involved in the proposed research (any organization who has a stake or interest, or who would be impacted by this research, whether positively or negatively). 6 points. The stakeholders involved in this experiment include the researchers, the rhesus monkeys, anyone funding the experiment, WCU’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as well as any additional regulatory committees, and society. All of these stakeholders could reap benefits from the…

that the organism has limited control over the outcome: It is not certain at the outset that serious injury or death can be avoided. In fact, capture, and the helplessness connected with forced immobility are known to be among the most profound of aversive stressors. The tonic immobilization of an experimental animal is therefore used as a highly reproducible and helpful laboratory…

The modern day term PTSD was originally used to describe a soldier who was adversely affected by war. Over the course of time and studies, researchers found that the Holocaust, natural disasters, and man-made disasters could also be lead to PTSD symptoms. PTSD has evolved into a more common diagnosis but still each person evaluated must meet the criteria needed to classify their illness as PTSD but there is a very thin line between PTSD and moral injury. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a…

various stressors that induce major depression symptoms throughout pregnancy which leads to either preterm birth or low birth weight. African American women are at higher risk for antenatal depression (Wilusz, Peters, and Cassiday-Bushrow, 2014). The aversive side of dealing with multiple stress factors with minimal coping skills may lead mothers to feelings of isolation, loss of control, and tension. Yet, many African American women are underdiagnosed when clinically depressed. Pregnant African…

Theories: There are two theories which can be applied to the cultural context where family and society plays a significant role in the issues of how to tackle low esteem in adolescents. The term accommodations as it applies to families of children with disabilities has been defined as “proactive efforts of a family to adapt, exploit, counterbalance, and react to the many competing and sometimes contradictory forces in their lives” (Bernheimer, Gallimore, & Weisner, 1990, p. 223). Making…

Social-cognitive perspective is a psychological perspective that examines how people interpret, analyze, remember and use information about themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships. It has a less individualistic bias because it views personality as emerging through the process of the person interacting with her or his social environment. This perspective has its roots in the behavioral principles of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. (Franzoi) Social cognitive…

Jackie’s response is a learned fear and it was a negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is: • The occurrence of a behavior • Is followed by the removal of a stimulus (an aversive stimulus) or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus, • Which results in the strengthening of the behavior (Miltenberger, 2015) She has carried this fear with her for the past 20 years because she learned from experience being bitten by dog was…