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CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTATION 5.1 Spur gear terms and concept Fig. 5.1 Terminology definitions for spur gears The radial distance from the pitch circle to the outside diameter is called as addendum. The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root diameter is called as dedendum. The distance of the arc along the pitch circle from one side of a gear tooth to the other is called as circular thickness. The length of the arc of the pitch circle from one point on a tooth to the same…

Particle Deformation and Fragmentation: As compaction force increases, contact area between particles increases, particle deformation starts to occur. Elastic deformation: granules attempt to return to their original shape or form after stress is released. Plastic deformation: granules do not totally recover after stress is released. Fragmentation occurs when compaction force continues to increase Particles fracture, create multiple new surface sites, additional contact points and potential…

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the simulation of fluids in engineering systems using modeling such as mathematical physical problem formulation and numerical methods like discretization methods, solver, numerical parameters and grid generation. Computational fluid dynamics is based on the concept of Reynolds averaging of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equation commonly known as (RANS) which are considered by Leishman to be the most adaptable method for…

Model descriptions SWAN model The SWAN model [12,18] is based on the spectral action balance equation rather than the spectral energy balance equation. The evolution of the action density N is governed by Komen et al. [13]: ∂N/∂t+∇_x ⃗ ∙[((c_g ) ⃗+U ⃗ )N]+(∂c_θ N)/∂θ+(∂c_σ N)/∂σ=S_tot/σ where, N(σ.θ) is the action density spectrum, x is space, t is time,θ is wave direction, σ is relative frequency, S_tot is the source term total, and c_g represents the propagation velocity. The first term in the…

The SEM produces a largely magnified image by using electrons instead of light to form an image. A beam of electrons is produced at the top of the microscope by an electron gun. It consists of an electron gun to produce high energy electron beam. A magnetic condensing lens is used to condense the electron beam and a scanning coil is arranged in-between magnetic condensing lens and the sample. The electron detector (Scintillator) is used to collect the secondary electrons and can be converted…

dimensions are 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm and V- notch made at angle of 45° with a depth of 2 mm then the experiment was done and values were tabulated. 3.3 SHORE DUROMETER HARDNESS STRENGTH Hardness was defined as materials resisting property to prevent permanent indentation. Durometer is a measure of hardness in polymers, fibre and rubbers where it measures the indentation depth in the material. According to ASTM D2240 tests were conducted on specimen using Durometer in the room temperature [5].…

Critical analyze of the role of third Druk Gyalpo Jigme Dorji Wangchuk in the process of Democratization Bhutan is a small landlocked country which has been remain isolated for decades and left backward, unrecognized and never known to the outside world. However, after Wangchuk dynastic and hereditary monarchy came into existence with Jigme Dorji Wangchuk as third hereditary monarch of Bhutan who was being born to Azhi Phuntsho Choden and second king Jigme Wangchuk at Thruepang Palace (Trongsa)…

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is a tool to study thermal emission resulting from non-radiative relaxation followed by absorption of radiation. PAS was studied primarily by Alexander Graham Bell, John Tyndall, Wilhelm Rontgen and Lord Rayleigh in 1884. For the history of PAS, was not until 1975 that photoacoustic spectroscopy started to be used as a wide range of different applications. This technique provides the following main advantages over the known types of spectroscopy. The advantages…

T Introduction Jean Piaget a well-known and first psychologist to make a systemic study of cognitive development. He was a very talented scholar and his first scientific paper, on the Albino Sparrow published at the age of ten. After he received his doctoral degree at the age of twenty-two, Piaget formally began his career that would have a profound impact on psychology and education. Today, Piaget is best known for his research on children’s cognitive development. He studied the intellectual…

1. Derive the mathematical expression for the Lorentz transformation equation. relative orientation of the co-ordinate systems indicated in fig.2 A light-signal, which is proceeding along the positive axis of x, is transmitted according to the equation : x - ct = 0 _______ (1). Since the same light-signal has to be transmitted relative to K1 with the velocity c, the propagation relative to the system K1 will be represented by the analogous formula x' - ct' = 0 _______(2) therefore:…