Auscultation

1. Presentation of primary and secondary diagnosis Primary Diagnosis: Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) Normally, as the heart contracts, it is able to exert a pressure that drives blood throughout the cardiovascular system and allows for perfusion as well as gas and nutrient exchange to take place. This blood flow is typically described by the equation Q=P/R, where Q represents blood flow, P is the pressure gradient, and R stands for total peripheral resistance.1 In a well-functioning system,…

Data regarding the cardiovascular system of older adults is slightly limited, due to the fact that older people are usually not included in clinical trials. However, enough research has been done to identify common physiological changes in the geriatric cardiovascular system, such as: increased heart weight; decreased number of myocardial cells with enlargement of remaining cells; increased left ventricle wall thickness; increased arterial stiffness; increased elastin levels; increased collagen…

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 is a common chronic metabolic disorder and of the main causes of death in the United States. The total prevalence of diabetes in the United States is 25.8 million people, of these; 7.0 million have undiagnosed diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Among adults, diabetes is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, renal failure, blindness, and non-traumatic amputations of lower extremities (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2013). The…

Kidney: Major Functions ✓ C-ontrols electrolyte and fluid balance ✓ R-egulates homeostasis of blood and acid-base balance ✓ R-egulates RBC production ✓ E-liminates end products of metabolism, ✓ S-ecretes renin, parathyroid hormones and Vitamin D [pic] The Kidney: Nephron • Functional unit of the kidney that produces urine by filtration Blood Supply of the Kidney • Renal artery- branch of the abdominal aorta • Renal vein- drains into the inferior…

39 :: 2006 Vomiting is an associated symptom. Bowel obstruction Both the small and large Intestines can become obstructed. The patient maycomplain of anorexia, vomiting with relief afterwards, colicky abdominal pain and a distended abdomen. Auscultation may reveal tinkling bowel sounds although this is not a consistent finding. Some patients may also be constipated and may not be passing any flatus, as stool and wind are unable to pass the obstruction (Longmoreí'/fl/2ÜÜ4).The position ofthe…