Atropine

origin and not just a property of the muscle itself. Several drugs including lignocaine, atropine, hexamethonium, and nicardipine were induced to a piece of guinea pig ileum under a standard hydrostatic pressure of 5.0 cm/H2O, and hence the effects determined that the peristalsis reflex is dependent on neuronal activity. The results of the experiment confirmed with the hypothesis, which stated that lignocaine, atropine, and hexamethonium would reduce the contractile response of the smooth…

Pharmacology- Practical based exercise Introduction/ aims Acetylcholine (ACH) is a neurotransmitter which operate in the brain, ACH are known as cholinergic because they are released from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, (Colovic, 2013). There are drugs which look to copy these effects or inhibit them, they are known as cholinergic drugs. ACH has two types of receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Nicotine acts as antagonists for nicotinic receptors, by blocking these…

animals. Thus keeping the above facts in view the present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the atropine, xylazine and ketamine anaesthetic protocol with that of atropine, acepromazine and ketamine in dogs undergoing laparoscopic vasectomy following CO2…

eventually needing a cane. All these afflictions indicate atropine poisoning as Dr. Jemshed Khan observes in his article “Atropine Poisoning in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter”. Atropine poison has many symptoms such as: increased heart rate, weight loss, anxiety, hallucinations, trouble speaking, difficulty walking, dizziness, and in extreme cases death. Interestingly, Dimmsdale displays all of these symptoms throughout the story. Furthermore, Atropine naturally resides in the plant, Datura…

A range of concentrations (1nM to 30μM) of acetylcholine (Ach) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was administered to organ bath containing rat ileum. Ach and 5-HT induced contractions from 3nM (Fig. 1) and 10nM (Fig. 2) onwards respectively, both generating a shallow slope at the beginning of the concentration-response curve. EC50 of Ach is 7.47 x 10-7M whereas EC50 of 5-HT is 7.97 x 10-7M. The contraction generated by Ach and 5-HT was expressed in % Emax. As shown in Fig. 1 and 2, % Emax…

Background & Objectives: Arthropods have neurogenic hearts, which have pacemakers as part of the nervous system found outside the heart. Vertebrates and molluscs have myogenic hearts, where the pacemaker is composed of specialized cardiac muscle within the heart. Daphnia is unique as it is a cladoceran crustacean reported to have a myogenic heart. To test this, use drugs known to change heart rate in myogenic hearts and observe if they have the same influence on Daphnia. Methods: Used a…

significant increase in heart rate from 33.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) to 37.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) was observed. After the addition of eserine, no significant difference in heart rate was observed relative to the baseline value. Following the addition of atropine, a significant increase in heart rate from 33.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) to 37.7 + 0.577 beats/min (N=3) was observed. No significant difference in heart rate was observed after the addition of acetylcholine relative to the baseline…

The Aminata muscaria is a very toxic plant to dogs and cats. If ingested, dogs can result in acute gastrointestinal distress that precedes a potentially life-threatening central neurologic syndrome characterized by seizures, tremors, and somnolence (Rossmeisl, Jr.,Blodgett, Jones, Higgins, Ellis, 2006). In a case study three dogs were presented with the toxic mushroom Amanita muscaria that developed respiratory arrest. Of the three dogs, one was euthanized and the remaining two recovered fully…

1. Yes. The heart of the frog contracts and relaxes rhythmically. This behaviour is shown by the observation of the general fluctuations in the force values as well as the consistent patterns of the ECG which occurs in regular intervals. 2. This delay is primarily caused by the atrioventricular node (A-V node) and the adjacent conductive fibres. Conduction in cardiac muscle is hindered by the decreasing number of gap junctions along the pathway of conduction which creates a resistance…

To understand the effects of agonists and competitive antagonists the receptors involved must be identified first. There are 2 major groups of receptors present in rat ileum, the first being 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and the second, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) – and of these two groups there are certain subtypes in the ileum contributing to its tone, motility, secretion and blood flow. The 5-HT receptor subtypes most prevalent in the rat ileum were, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B,…