Atrophy

1. Describe the following cellular adaptations: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia), and metaplasia. Atrophy is when a cell adapts due to decreased trophic influences, the cell function is decreased and nutrition is decreased, this process decreases the cell size because it looses its subcellular organelles and substances often causing organs to decrease in size and function. Hypertrophy is the opposite of atrophy and causes the cells to enlarge and therefore…

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and death (Tanimoto et al., 2013). Muscle accounts for 60% of the body’s protein stores. Muscle mass decrease is directly responsible for functional impairment with loss of strength, increased likelihood of falls, and loss of autonomy, respiratory function is also impaired with a reduced vital capacity…

Sarcopenia and Protein Intake: Is the RDA Adequate? Introduction Sarcopenia is an age related condition which is characterized by a loss of skeletal muscle and function.1 The decline in skeletal muscle begins in the fourth decade of life and by age 80 a 30% reduction in muscle mass can be seen, with even greater losses in functional strength.1 Significant decrements in muscle mass and strength increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in the aged.1 The prevalence of sarcopenia in 60 year…

Successful maintenance activity remains a challenging area of research because of the multifactorial contributions of age, nutrition, hormones, medical comorbidities, and activity level to changes in muscle over time. There is a spectrum of changes in aging muscle, some of which are normal and some of which are not. Sarcopenia has been more quantitatively defined as relative muscle mass less than 2 standard deviations below a sex-matched control group aged 18 to 40 years, but the lack of a…

Spinal muscular atrophy is a disorder that takes away the ability to walk, eat, or breathe. The major causes of this disorder are caused by a mutation in the survival motor cell neuron gene. The symptoms of this disorder are having breathing difficulties, leading to a lack of oxygen. Also if you have a poor muscle tone like a floppy infant. You cannot cure or treat this disorder. Nothing else contributes to this disease, and they have not found anything for it. Basically if you have Spinal…

Spinal Muscular Atrophy Have you ever had a dream where you thought you couldn’t move? You are telling your arms to move and your legs to move but they don’t seem to understand. You are screaming inside because now you are scared because you don’t know what to do. Your body is stiff and not moving. You just keep trying and trying but still can’t move. But once you wake up you realize it was all a dream. But just think about of it was real. That feeling that you had in your dream is the exact…

Spinal Muscular atrophy (SMA) is a group of diseases that result in progressive muscle deterioration and neuromuscular failure. As it is an inherited autosomal recessive disease meaning the sufferer must have both defective survival motor neuron (SMN1) genes, from each parent, to have the symptoms. There are five subtypes of SMA, categorised by the age at which the symptoms begin to appear, with type I, II and III occurring in childhood are more severe than type IV, which appears in later…

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is inherited disorder that affects the lower motor neuron in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and brain stem resulting in progressive weakness of the skeletal muscles [1]. It is considered as one of the most common autosomal recessive diseases and leading genetic cause of death during childhood [2]. The primary cause of SMA is mutation of the spinal motor neuron 1 (SMA1) while the severity of the disease is determined by the number of identical spinal…

My first topic on Spinal muscular atrophy affects 1 in 6,000 to 1 in 10,000 people. In 1898, described for the first time the classic infantile form of SMA. In this essay I will be discussing spinal muscular atrophy and its characteristics. I will discuss signs and symptoms as well as some treatments for the disorder. Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic disorder that affects the control of muscle movement. It is caused by a loss of specialized nerve cells, called motor neurons, in the spinal…

About the Golden Retriever The Golden Retriever is a sturdy, muscular dog of medium size, famous for the dense, lustrous coat of gold that gives the breed its name. The broad head, with its friendly and intelligent eyes, short ears, and straight muzzle, is a breed hallmark. In motion, Goldens move with a smooth, powerful gait, and the feathery tail is carried, as breed fanciers say, with a "merry action." The most complete records of the development of the Golden Retriever are included in the…