Atom Egoyan

Molecules like cyclosporine that are non-ionisable, lipophilic and non-polar are challenging to formulate due to their low solubility and no effect of pH on solubility, and they are also solubilised in non-aqueous solutions composed entirely of organic solvents. The combination of polyoxyethylated castor oil and ethanol that are water miscible surfactants and solvents can be used to solubilise the non-polar active ingredient, cyclosporine. Therefore, the excipients are appropriate for the…

Kyle Rohl Chem 3520 Nobel Prize Paper Chemicals in 3D Vision The Nobel Prize in Organic Chemistry for the discovery of chemicals in 3D vision was awarded to Derek Barton and Odd Hassel in 1969. This was the breakthrough in visualizing the way chemicals could be interpreted. Before their phenomenal discovery, people could only think of seeing a chemical such as cyclohexane in its planar, flat, 2D form. What Barton and Hassel found that was different from the universal perspective of this…

What if I told you that a laser can reach the earth all the way from space? You’d think it’s pretty cool right? Well it just so happens to be completely true! Scientists have created lasers to communicate from basically anywhere, and I’m here to tell you how it works. A laser shoots out a diverging beam that goes through the transmitter lens that creates a “well focused beam”. The well focused beam then goes through the receiver lens into the receiver diode. This is called laser communication.…

In Memory of John Dalton 1766-1844 John dalton,son of Joseph and Deborah dalton, he had one brother named Jonathan no sisters.John dalton lived and worked in England as a teacher and a public lecture.He wa very interested in meteorology for the longest.He published meteorological observations and essays which he recorded.He did so many things, he made his own atomic theory he was also was very interested in color blindness.His serious interest in this led him to the view of atomism. Between…

Introduction: In this laboratory, free-radical halogenation was used in order to brominate compounds such as toluene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene and t-butylbenzene (structures as seen below). Free-radical halogenation consists of a halogen, connected through sigma bonding, breaking and interacting with the side chain of the aromatic compound. The three steps in the process of halogenation take place in the presence of light and are labeled as initiation, propagation and termination.…

Investigating Properties Lab Ishan Godra SCH4U Lab Partner(s): DeSean Lawrence Ms. Boulougouris 10/31/14 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the properties of four different types of solids: ionic, polar covalent, non polar covalent, and metallic Hypothesis It is hypothesized the samples which are shown to be insoluble are likely non polar, while soluble samples are polar. Because of the molecular nature of each type of bond, it is hypothesized that polar…

The molecule butane was observed while its dihedral angle was changed in 60 degree increments from 0 degrees to 360. The dihedral angle that had the largest potential energy was at 0˚ and 360˚. This is because the molecule was in an eclipsed conformation, an orientation of the molecule that causes there to be a lot of potential energy because the two largest molecules are fighting space, making it unstable. The lowest potential energy and most stable conformation was seen at 180˚which is…

were not accurate nor successful. It was not until the period between 1900 and 1930 where a revolution occurred and a generalised formulation called quantum mechanic was developed. And since the understanding of the structure of the nucleus of the atoms led to the development of different technologies and applications. The way how our understanding has grown will be discussed in the follow report. THE WORK OF JAME CHADWICK AND ENRICO FERMI James Chadwick: • In 1930’s – Bothe and Becker, two…

we must ask: how can we insert a heteroatom into the ring and retain aromaticity? What kind of atom is needed? If we want to replace one of the carbon atoms of benzene with a heteroatom, we need an atom that can be trigonal to keep the flat hexagonal ring and that has a p orbital to keep the six delocalized electrons. Nitrogen is ideal so we can imagine replacing a CH group in benzene with a nitrogen atom. The orbitals in the ring have not changed in position or shape and we still have the six…

An example would be radiotherapy which works on radiation’s ability to kill living cells. When radiation, such as beta radiation enter a living cell it donates energy to nearby atoms and molecules which allows electrons other than those on the outer orbit to be released. This makes the atoms very unstable (Radicals) and are so reactive they last only milliseconds. Radicals react with nearby molecules in a limited amount of time, resulting in breakage of chemical bonds. The breakage…