Atherosclerosis

In the United States, there are usually between 100,000 and 200,000 Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) ruptures per year. (Osborne. M, 2012) (Why do females injure their knees four to six times more than men…and what can you do about it?) (ucdenver.edu) An ACL injury is the most common injury in female athletes. Female athletes are more prone to having an ACL injury because of the lack of muscle strength and control of their (Chang. W, 2014; Joseph et al., 2014). This injury can lead to…

Cardiac Differentiation Using BMP4 and CHIR99021 Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide with approximately 600,000 deaths in the U.S. only. One of the major difficulties with heart diseases is the heart’s failure to produce new and healthy cells in a timely manner. Unfortunately, the heart lacks the ability to quickly generate new tissue composed of viable cells, leading to patient death. Cardiovascular progenitor cells (CVPCs) are believed to be highly useful in…

How can hypertension affect a community? Before I go further, let me first define hypertension, how it’s occur and what is the long time effect of hypertension. Hypertension which we also call high blood pressure is a condition in which the force of the blood in the artery reached higher than normal. As the years have gone by, it has been found that lower and lower blood pressure are better for preventing some complications of high blood pressure. In kidney disease this is particularly true.…

3.2.1 Result of a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) of the middle cerebral artery which supplies Brodmann areas 312 and 4 in the left cerebral hemisphere A cerebrovascular accident is also known as a stroke. It is when the blood which flows to the brain is cut off, by a blocked or ruptured artery that goes to the brain, causing the brain not to receive enough oxygen and cells of the brain then die11. ?????? result of CVA on middle cerebral artery 3.2.2 Difference between a haemorrhagic and an…

Summary of Campaign Go Red For Women is a program created by the American Heart Association (AHA). In 2004, the AHA was faced with a major challenge of making women aware of cardiovascular disease (About Go Red | Go Red For Women, 2015). Unfortunately, the disease claims the lives of 500,000 American women each year (About Go Red | Go Red For Women, 2015). Over the years, many have dismissed the condition as a disease for older men. But, the AHA created the campaign “Go Red For Women” to…

Deep vein thrombosis condition is one of the world renown vein incompetence that will lead to a fatal condition if mistreatment or underdiagnosed. Generally, DVT is part of the venous thromboembolism that can lead to a fatal condition which can cause sudden death. Currently, the awareness of this condition had been raised purposely on the early diagnosis of this condition. A lot of studies on this topic had been done previously by researchers in their effort to contribute to this condition to be…

The mitral valve (MV) plays a crucial role in cardiac function, controlling blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. The components of the valve include an anterior leaflet, a posterior leaflet, tendinous chords, papillary muscles, and a saddle shaped annulus at the atrioventricular junction.[1] Deviation in the morphology of any of these components of the valve may result in comprised mechanical integrity of the valve and abnormal leaflet closure.[1] With studies suggesting that…

Multiple Thresholds for Different Components of the Brain in Ischemic Stroke Perfusion Imaging Background The treatment target for acute ischemic stroke is to open the occluded blood vessel with thrombolysis. By opening the occluded vessel we can save the tissues at risk of conversion to infarct core which referred to as the penumbra. Nowadays with advanced imaging, clinicians are able to distinguish the penumbra and infarct core. If the penumbra is large and infarct core small (mismatch…

Isolated cardiac sarcoidosis- An autopsy case report Abstract: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of uncertain etiology, characterized by non- caseating epitheloid cell granulomas which can virtually involve any organ. Cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis is seen in around 4-5% patients, while autopsy studies proved incidence up to 20-25%. Sudden cardiac death is common in cardiac sarcoidosis, since it was not diagnosed due to silent clinical presentation. We report a…

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial leison. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the brain. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by severe head injuries. The bleeding and increased pressure on the brain from a subdural hematoma can be life-threatening. Some subdural hematomas stop and resolve…