Artery

The type of heart failure that patient A.O. seems to be presenting with is left sided heart failure. The clinical findings in this situation that indicate left sided heart failure are dyspnea and activity intolerance (notes or books). Left sided heart failure can cause problems with the right side of the hear as well which could explain the pedal edema. Other clinical findings that are commonly seen with left sided heart failure are decreased cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. The…

Are the serious health implications caused by hypoxia worth the emotional fulfilment of summiting at high altitude? In Jon Krakauer's Into Thin Air, the severely hypoxic climbers atop Mount Everest fall victim to a series of fatal mistakes that result in the tragic death of fifteen climbers in the spring of 1996. Serious health implications including AMS, HAPE, and HACE weigh heavily on a climbers decision to summit at high altitude despite the recent technological improvements in modern…

About blood Functions Blood is the biological fluid in our body that transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and also exports the metabolic waste product away from the cells. To ensure the supply of oxygen needed by our organs and tissues, there are four important steps: 1. The oxygen must be transferred from our lungs into the blood plasma 2. The oxygen is stored on the hemoglobin in the red cells 3. The oxygen is transported to our body cells via circulation. 4. The oxygen is released…

Mechanical Ventilator is a life support system that mechanically assist patient in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It can also be called as artificial respiration system. Mechanical ventilation can help or support complete breathing, depending on the patient’s condition. Anyone who have problem in breathing normally, or having chronic diseases may require mechanical ventilator. It also includes patients suffering from spinal cord injury, stroke or any other disorders. Rapid growth in…

1. Mark’s initial reaction of becoming red and sweating was a negative feedback reaction, from his body, to the heat. The human body can function properly in a certain temperature range. If the temperature of the internal environment rises above the acceptable range, the proteins in the body begin to denature. The body’s senses detect this temperature change, sends a signal through the afferent pathway to the integration center(brain). The integration center sends a signal via the efferent…

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is often a feared complication of overly aggressive correction of hyponatremia (defined as < 135 mEq/L).1 Current guidelines1,2,3 dictate a slow correction of sodium, generally not exceeding 8-10 mEq/24 hrs to prevent CPM.1 CPM is a non-inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by the loss of myelin in the base of the pons and carries a poor prognosis, often times resulting in death. We present a case in which an elderly gentleman was admitted for…

ACHALASIA Achalasia refers to a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and…

Pets can end up with all kinds of disease, just as we can. Gaining knowledge of what those could be, what the signs are, and what steps to take is the key to keeping your pet happy and healthy. Our pets should have regular checkups so any diseases or illnesses can be detected early. One thing that can happen to our pets is hypokalemia, which can be potentially fatal. What is hypokalemia? The simple definition is low blood potassium. But what is going on inside the body when a dog has…

Here I hypothesize that trauma is an example for a robustness failure in a biological system. Robustness, can be defined most generally as a property that allows a system to maintain its functions against internal and external perturbations [1]. The body uses feedback systems to achieve robust, dynamic response in the presence of trauma. For instance, when a patient bleeds severely, they experience hypovolemic shock. The loss of blood prevents adequate oxygenated blood from reaching vital organs…

Hydrosalpinx represents fluid trapped in a distended fallopian tube with distal occlusion, and occurs in the setting of previous pelvic inflammatory disease. The appearance on grayscale ultrasound is of a tubular and elongated cystic mass with incomplete septations or indentations along its walls (“waist sign” or “cogwheel”)[18]. In order to fully appreciate the tubular structure of the cyst, the ultrasound probe may be turned by a 90° angle, and a seemingly simple cyst will appear to be tubular…