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Chronic cardiac failure can be defined as ‘a clinical syndrome that develops in response to a cardiac injury or insult that causes decline in the pumping capacity (contractile function) of the heart’ (Lymperopolous et al. 2013). Betty has been experiencing chest pain, a decreased appetite and shortness of breath indicated by her oxygen saturation levels and increased respiratory rate. Additionally, she has bilateral peripheral pitting oedema and has had a cough. These are all signs and symptoms…

Multiple Thresholds for Different Components of the Brain in Ischemic Stroke Perfusion Imaging Background The treatment target for acute ischemic stroke is to open the occluded blood vessel with thrombolysis. By opening the occluded vessel we can save the tissues at risk of conversion to infarct core which referred to as the penumbra. Nowadays with advanced imaging, clinicians are able to distinguish the penumbra and infarct core. If the penumbra is large and infarct core small (mismatch…

SUBDURAL HEMATOMA A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood below the inner layer of the dura but external to the brain and arachnoid membrane. Subdural hematoma is the most common type of traumatic intracranial leison. A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood outside the brain. Subdural hematomas are usually caused by severe head injuries. The bleeding and increased pressure on the brain from a subdural hematoma can be life-threatening. Some subdural hematomas stop and resolve…

There are many eye diseases and disorders, some mild to very severe. One example of a disease would be Macular Degeneration. Macular Degeneration is the deterioration of the central portion of the retina, known as the macula. This disease is the leading cause of blindness in people of the age of 55. There are two types of Macular Degeneration, dry and wet. Dry (atrophic), when small yellow deposits form under the macula, causing it the thin and dry out, leading to central vision loss. Wet is…

P3 – Describe the structure and contraction of different types of muscle. In regards to muscle, there are three main types. These include voluntary (skeletal) muscle, involuntary (smooth) muscle and cardiac muscle. Each have particular functions within the body. One of the main functions which skeletal muscle is responsible for is allowing movement including both fine and gross motor skills to be carried out. Another function which skeletal muscle is required for is protecting an individual’s…

A1: Acute and Chronic inflammation differ in many ways. For example, acute inflammation as blatant as it is, acute inflammation is short, only lasting from a few minutes to days. On the other hand, chronic inflammation, is longer, lasting around days to even years. Furthermore, acute inflammations deal with fluid and plasma oozing. In addition, to leukocytes leaving to the extravascular tissues, which are mainly habited by neutrophils. Chronic inflammation, additionally, is associated with…

Contrary to systolic dysfunction, diastolic malfunction is characterized by normal contractility and a typical ejection fraction. The relaxation of ventricles in this disorder is impaired, resulting in an increase in ventricular pressure into the left atrium and pulmonary venous system leading to signs of pulmonary and systemic venous congestion. This decrease in preload results in a decrease in blood volume, especially during periods of increased activity or exercise, when blood is unable to…

In the brain, there are respiratory centers that are the central control of ventilation. They are located within the brainstem and their job is to adjust ventilation when they receive signals of changes in the chemical composition. Changes in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide or oxygen and changes in blood pH have a major effect on ventilation. For example, when the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and blood pH are altered, it sends a message to the respiratory control…

What is a rectal prolapse? Rectal prolapse is a disorder where a part of the rectum projects via the anus. The rectum is the large portion of the digestive system that comes after the colon. It is part of the large intestine or large bowel. There are diverse types of rectal prolapse; some might project through the anus while others pass via the anal canal but not out of the anus. In addition to elderly females being most affected, it also befalls in young kids usually within the first 3 years of…

There are a 11 body systems there is the INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM which The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage There is also the MUSCULAR SYSTEM The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. There is also the SKELETAL SYSTEM The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is…