Arctic Council

people. One of the main deficiencies of the United Nation's security system is the lack of an international army. In the UN there is a lack of democratic mechanisms and accountability, which affects the structure. The composition of the Security Council still reflects the power distribution of 1945 as the five permanent members hold more powers than the non-permanent ones. Another weakness concerning the UN is that the contemporary global challenges are jeopardizing its effectiveness. Things…

Pakistan and India got independence from Colonial power and are neighbors. It is necessary to maintain cordial relation with neighbours for internal stability and peace. That’s why both countries, Pakistan and India, had started maintaining their diplomatic relation from Nehru Liaquat times. Simla Agreement was the eighth step between India and Pakistan towards this aim. It was signed, to normalize the situation and to settle the pre war issue of 1971, between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indira…

‘The United Nation (UN) has been an ineffective actor in maintaining peace and security in the post-Cold War era’. Critically evaluate that claim. The United Nations (UN) is the closest the international system has to an international government, it is organisation bringing 193 member states together in order to “maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, and cooperate in solving international problems.” These are main goals highlighted in the UN…

Peacekeeping force in Cambodia took a new shift in the way that it approached the situation happening. To discuss Cambodia, it was ruined by several wars in the country and this place became the new goal for the UN to rescue it and take full control. This project was different than everything else that had begun because it required that the UN reconstruct the whole country from top to bottom. With Cambodia there were two operations which effected it, this includes The United Nations Transitional…

present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII.” This conflict between the two documents can cause major issues to escalate beyond the UN’s control before a decision by the UN Security Council can be reached. The most glaring example of this is the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. The UN was in Rwanda when the conflict began between the Hutu and Tutsi; however, they were unable to intervene because of Chapter 1 Article 2 Provision 7 of…

The existence of International Politics is impossible without the existence of power pursuance. Power can be described by Steven Lukes as “A gets B to do something A wants but B would have not chosen to do” (2004: 122). According to Heywood, Politics has three characteristics: it is an activity, it is social and it originates from diversity. By using the term diversity, he refers to having a diversity of opinions, interests and ways of thinking (2004). This last characteristic of Politics is the…

people and 2010 saw their largest earthquake on record as well as an outbreak of cholera in the aftermath . The policy responses to outbreaks of unrest in Haiti have been sporadically spaced starting in July 1994 when the United Nations Security Council released the 940 resolution allowing military intervention. In September a multi national force led by the US entered Haiti aiming to restore democracy…

Harry Truman once said upon the creation of the United Nations (UN) that it is a great instrument for peace and security and human progress in the world. " (Gehrke, 1991) Indeed, the United Nations have played a role in peacekeeping, such as in the cases of Angola and Mozambique. However, despite the many similarities between Angola and Mozambique, the outcomes of the UN intervention were drastically different. Both countries were affected by civil war for decades. In Angola, the MPLA…

Herbert C. Kjellman(2015) “Building trust among enemies: The central challenge for international conflict resolution" defines reconciliation as various forms of restorative justice designed to unite and rehabilitated people through community collaboration. Often, reconciliation is a peace method that function to end wars in multiple countries. That said, Michael Wessel(2005) “Community Reconciliation and Post-Conflict Reconstruction for Peace" perspective of reconciliation is the dynamic change…

HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Generally, International Humanitarian Law is considered as a set of rules which governs the conduct of humanitarian in armed conflicts. It provides the protection to person who are not or no longer participating in the hostilities besides it controls the usage of weapons and methods of warfare. According to Mr. Jean in his work, “Humanitarian law is a branch of public international law which owes its inspiration to a feeling for humanity and which is…