Aragonite

Pteriomorpha includes order Arcoida, Mytiloida and Pterioida which is heterogeneous. The shell made from calcites or aragonite. Paleoheterodonta as the fourth subclasses have mostly aragonitic basic shells includes order Modiomorphoida, Unioidia, and Trigonoida. Order Unioidia is known as freshwater bivalves. The fifth subclass, Heterodonta, mostly has a shells made of aragonites. The crossed-lamellar shells feature in these subclasses is a morphology adaptation as filter feeder. Veneroida,…

Annual global carbon dioxide emissions increased by over 20% between 1997 and 2009 from approximately 24 billion tons to over 30 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year (Friedlingstein et al., 2010). The implications of this are vast and are by no means limited to global warming. For many millions of year prior to industrialization, ocean pH levels remained stable; however, high levels of anthropogenic carbon emissions in the near 200 years since the industrial revolution, have caused fundamental…

The shipping industry is one of the most important and efficient industries in the world. About 90% of the world trade uses the shipping industry. Without it, the whole world would starve because no resources would be imported or exported among countries. The shipping industry is also used in travelling and other luxuries. Some people would have their vacation, parties, or even their wedding on a yacht. The shipping industry is also the least environmentally damaging form of commercial transport…

As mentioned previously, ocean acidification has internal effects on different developmental stages in the growth and reproduction of marine animals. From the first spark of life of fertilization to the growth of these species can be affected. The 2005 Kyoto University in Japan research determined that carbon dioxide concentration of 200ppm being pumped into the seawater reduces growth rates for many sea species (Hardt & Safina 71). Other experiments show the struggle of phytoplankton balancing…

- There is a high degree of mineralization CaCo3 in the form of calcite - Contains fibers that bundle and form in a twisted plywood helical structure Horseshoe Crab The horseshoe crab has a composite of 3 layers: 1) Exterior shell - similar to crab but no mineral phase 2) Intermediate layer – vertical laminate 3) Inner core - open cell foam structure that is hollow in the middle Sheep crab The sheep crab shell is made of highly dense tubules that help enhance toughness. They also have a high…

The Great Barrier Reef is a coastal habitat off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The system is the largest coral reef and living structure in the world, reaching around 2,575 in length. It’s made up of approximately 2,900 individual reefs with 900 islands. The Great Barrier Reef is the perfect habitat for many species of marine life such as coral and over one thousand five hundred species of fish. The reef contains many different life forms such as: fish, sea turtles, giant clams, sea snakes,…

The ocean: a large expanse of salt water that covers two-thirds of our earth’s surface. It is involved in many biospheric processes and the home to many known and unknown organisms. The first few meters of the ocean are an important site for primary production — the conversion of carbon dioxide from a gas into organic carbon. Carbon dioxide plays an important role in determining the pH of ocean water. Over the last hundred years the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have increased,…

Ocean Acidification-Effect on Squid Ocean acidification is a direct result of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide CO2 concentration due different type of human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation (Halpern). The world’s ocean surfaces have gradually become more acidic due to absorption of excess anthropological carbon emissions throughout history. Since the Industrial Revolution during 19th century, the carbon dioxide level has been dramatically increasing. In addition, the…

To give insight into the reefs that exist around the world, I will explain to you the complexity of the tank that exists in my living room and the process I have had to go in order to get the tank where it is today. The first step in starting a tank is to use the most pure water that is obtainable called reverse osmosis water that is nearly 100% pure. This is normal tap water that is filtered through fiber cartridge filters, activated carbon, reverse osmosis membrane and then is ran through two…

Our industrialized lifestyle leading to climate change is something we can adapt to, but it’s causing a change that the Coral Reefs are not acclimated to live in.The changes and industrializations we bring affects the climate. This problem has been named and clarified as climate change. Since the industrial revolution our climate has changed drastically. Industrial waste is now a necessary problem that collides with our daily life. This lifestyle can be too much for the fragile ecosystems our…