Apoptosis

muscle fibers [1] These free radicals may then cause injury to the heart, an organ that has a relatively low level of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Others studies propose that the mechanism of DOX-induced heart apoptosis is dependent on the activation of tumor suppressor p53 [9] [10]. Melatonin (MEL), is the chief secretory product of the pineal gland of all mammals. During the day the pineal gland is inactive, when the sun goes down and darkness occurs,…

FPV is in the family Parvoviridae, which contains 26 species of virus that infect a broad host range, covering species from invertebrates to humans. Parvoviruses are small single stranded DNA viruses enveloped by a T=1 non-enveloped capsid protein. Replication of these viruses can only occur when the host cell is in S-phase of its mitotic cycle (15). FPV has a very small linear genome that is only 5 kilobases in length (4). The virus’s genome has specific sequences, similar to a TATA boxes, that…

PTEN is also involved in tumor metastasis through B-catenin signaling. PTEN also supplies the suppression of tumor metastasis and reduction of this protein is likely to promote metastasis by enhancing proliferation of cancer cells and inhibiting apoptosis. WNT5A is a protein that doesn’t transform and it is a ligand for noncanonical WNT signaling. The low expression of WNT5A is prevalent in high numbers in patients with breast cancer. Up regulated miR-374a also leads to suppression of multiple…

C-myc is a transcription factor that is involved in the strict regulation of the cell cycle. It regulates genes that promote the induction of the cell cycle and it is also involved in apoptosis. The c-myc ¬gene is one of the most commonly activated oncogenes and has been found to be overexpressed in many cancers. Activation of this oncogene may contribute to as many as 100,000 cancer deaths per year in the United States alone (Dang et al., 2006). The discovery that this gene is involved in so…

taking up and recycling the glutamate at the synapse. When glutamate binds to receptors on the MN, it causes a cascade of reactions which results in the uptake of Ca+2 ions. The excess Ca+2 ions causes organelles inside MN to malfunction resulting in apoptosis (Foran and Trotti, 2009). Astrocytes from FALS patients cultured with healthy MN resulted in the death of at least 50% of the MN compared to a control that contained healthy astrocytes and MN. (Haidet-phillips et al.,…

with Th-2 CD4+ lymphocytes secreting cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17, and IFN-γ which causes more irritation and hyper-responsiveness. These cytokines, as well as IL-3, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-15 extend eosinophil survival as they reduce apoptosis. An imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells also plays a role in asthma. The objective for…

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth-leading cause of deaths relating to cancer, with less than half of all patients surviving for more than 5 years following diagnosis. It affects women of all ages, most commonly diagnosed after menopause and aged between 55-65 years, 75% of whom are diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Risk factors include age, hormone therapy, and most notably genetic syndromes, such as BRCA1 mutations which are involved in 10% of OC cases. This essay will present the…

Pomegranate (Punica granatum, Punicaceae) is a fruit that is grown in Mediterranean countries and the Middle East and is often used in folk medicine. Pomegranate fruit is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and two types of polyphenolic compounds which are attributed 92% of the whole fruit antioxidant activity. It has been shown that the antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice is higher than antioxidant activity of red wine and green tea. The edible parts of the fruit of pomegranate…

carcinogen. Key damage to DNA that results in a cancer-causing mutation occurs where there is activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, or inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs). Proto-oncogenes control cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, an oncogene is a mutated form of this gene which triggers proliferative activity and leads to tumor formation. Tumor suppressor genes monitor and correct malignant change, therefore their loss is a significant step in the development of…

2017). Aside from its role in glycolysis, GAPDH is also known for its evolutionary significance specifically that it has roles in cellular function like nuclear RNA export and DNA replication and repair (Tatton et al. 2001). GAPDH has been found in apoptosis, neurodegenerative disease, and viral pathogens which is part of its biomedical significance (Tatton et al. 2001). In addition, Altenberg and Greulich (2004) claim that genes like GAPC that are involved in glycolysis have been…