Apoptosis

Previously, the improvement of mitochondrial homeostasis by metformin through diminishing apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and preventing cell death has been reported. The improvement of antioxidant system by complementing mitochondrial function and decreasing the depletion of respiratory components has also been revealed (110). In a preclinical…

Fish have a unique position with respect to their taxonomic and phylogenic status among vertebrates and occupy an important place in vertebrate’s genealogy. Most fish are ectothermic ("cold-blooded"), allowing their body temperatures to vary (1 – 2 ºC) as ambient temperatures change. Majority of siluroid fish are economically important for human consumption. Protein and vitamins content in fish flesh varies from high to moderate and make it as rich source of protein diet. Fishes of siluroid…

As many of us already have studied in the past, the human genome can subdivide itself into two parts. The nuclear genome, which consists of over 26,000 genes and the circular mitochondrial genome, which consist of the only consist of 37 genes (“Organization of the human genome” 257). The human genome is vastly large compared to the mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial has played a significant role in genetics throughout time. For example, mtDNA helped geneticists understand the past and our…

lobular inflammation, typically localized in acinar zone 3 while fibrosis is not a required diagnostic feature of NASH (Brunt and Tiniakos, 2010). According to Brunt and Tiniakos (2010), hepatocellular injury in NASH can take the form of ballooning, apoptosis, or lytic necrosis. Brunt and Tiniakos (2010) reported that ballooned hepatocytes can be observed as enlarged, swollen, rarefied, pale cytoplasm and, show a hyperchromatic nucleus, usually with a prominent nucleolus. Apoptotic bodies are…

Brandy Lauder broke a toe and had to get orthopedic surgery to get it repaired. She was then prescribed antibiotics for ten days. The antibiotics depleted the bacteria that kept Clostridium difficile under control, which caused her to get a debilitating infection. She first got diarrhea and then went into shock. Her intestines swelled up and she had to get surgery to give room to her swollen and blood-deprived organs. The bacterium that caused her infection was Clostridium difficile. The…

of a walnut and is located in the front side of the rectum, and in the center of the penis and the bladder. This is the passage way for urine to leave the body. Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease where there is an unbalanced growth of apoptosis and cells, which can be chronic, resulting from an abrasion in the prostate gland. BPH is the expansion of the prostate which may be a result of an attack on the neck of the bladder or the lumen of the urethra which may cause a struggle during…

K3) will lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals produced from redox cycling. High concentrations of reactive oxygen species can result in damage to tissues, mitochondrial DNA damage as well as cell death by necrosis or apoptosis (Loor et al., 2010). Glutathione (GSH) is essential in combating oxidative stress, due to the sulfhydryl group present on the cysteine residue. However, the levels of GSH are depleted in the presence of the reactive oxygen species produced by…

Case Summary Ms. Charles is a female who presented with a gradual onset of seemingly unrelated symptoms that progressively worsened throughout her life. As a child she developed multiple dental caries and periodontal disease. A few years later, she began having dry mouth symptoms; generalized myalgias and arthralgias; and chronic eye irritation and blepharitis, which did not respond to over-the-counter eye drops, allergy medications, or pain medications. She was evaluated by multiple physicians…

prenatal alcohol exposure. In addition, as the infant matures, hypotonia, an increase in jitteriness, irritability and growth inhibiting factors are commonly present as well. As the child grows and starts preschool more manifestations should become apparent such as eliciting temper tantrums, or having a hard time making transitions to new environments. Hyperactivity, attention deficit, problems with fine motor abilities, along with all the previous symptoms the infant had. Around the beginning…

Exploration of the Pathogenicity and Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis and Avoiding Comorbidity Plaque psoriasis, otherwise known as psoriasis vulgaris, is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting the skin, nails, scalp and joints (Sidhom, E., Pilmane, M., & Kisis, J., 2016). Psoriasis affects approximately two percent of men and women worldwide, mainly between the ages of fifteen and thirty, and occurs in varying degrees of severity. Clinical manifestations are raised, red lesions with a…