Apoptosis

UVB’s 1. The sun shines on the skin. 2. The UVB light interfaces with a form of cholesterol in the skin called 97-dehydrocholesterol. 3. This is synthesized into pre-vitamin D3, which is immediately converted into vitamin D3. 30 minutes of midday sun in a bathing suit, and you’ve absorbed up to 20,000 IU of vitamin D. Whether you spend half an hour in the midday sun or take 2 10,000 IU of vitamin D3 in tablets, it’s then transported to the liver where it’s turned into D25 for storage. These…

Past: The Golgi-Apparatus was first discovered by the Italian physician, after which it was named, Camillo Golgi in the year 1897 (but only reported the discovery in 1898), and it appeared in scientific literature for the first time in 1910, but its existence was only proved later in the year 1954 with the help of electron-microscopic studies. Camillo Golgi was able to identify this organelle by using a special staining technique, which he called ‘Black Reaction’, which made it possible to…

1.5 Drugs targeting the Rab prenylation pathway 1.5.1 Prenylation pathway Prenylation of Rab proteins is the essential lipid modification step that begins the membrane trafficking cycle. It is a crucial post-translational modification that allows the stable attachment of Rab proteins to the membrane by increasing hydrophobicity to be able to insert into the lipid bilayer (Maltese, Wilson and Erdman, 1996). As depicted in Figure 7, the Rab cycle starts with a Rab protein that is GDP bound, in…

With blood smear analysis they were able to see that the mice studied showed the same effects expected to see in thalassemic patients. Red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell distribution had all decreased significantly were as reticulocytes, which are immature red blood cells without a nucleus in thalassemic mice when compared to the wild type. Using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, they found that in the trabecular sites such as the femoral metaphysis, tibial metaphysis, and…

as the cell cycle, growth trend, signaling, and its specific death time.(2) The most crucial characteristic of a cancer cell is the excessive, uncontrolled growth cycle during which the abnormal cell does not commit the act of self-sacrifice or apoptosis after finishing its life span, as opposed to the normal cell. Consequently, these malfunctioned cells get bigger, and proliferate more severely than the health cells around,…

1. There is fossil evidence that fish evolved into amphibians and amphibians into reptiles. Scientists also believe that mammals are related to reptiles Research the fossil history of fish, amphibians and mammals and discuss the evidence that the above statement is true. Provide examples of the links between the organisms (for example: the respiration system, how the young are born and what the body is covered with). There has been scientific evidence has proven that the above statement is true…

end of this cascade, MAPK phosphorylates various effector proteins (Alberts, 557). This signaling pathway plays an important role in cells as it results in complex changes in cell decisions and behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and quiescence from the numerous signals being taken into the cell at all times such as nutrients, growth factors, pathogens, and pressure (Mitchell, 3). In…

cell proliferation and ability to transform primary cells. As a proof-of-concept that inhibiting these candidates can block pancreatic ASC progression, I will knockout selected candidates using CRISPR-Cas9 system and analyze for either increased apoptosis or reduced cellular proliferation in patient cell lines generated from pancreatic…

1. In your own words, define what is a mutation? Abnormal inherited or acquired permeant alteration in the sequences of the nucleotides of the deoxyribonucleic acid of an organism may or may not change organism phenotype, it occurs with a frequency of less than1% among a population. 2. Are mutations bad or good for you? Justify your answer in either case Mutations could be good, bad, or may have little or no effect. Beneficial mutations: Some mutations if they happen they have a positive…

Cancer is a disease affecting the world and the rise in treatments with drugs is just one way of delaying the process of the disease as well as improving the quality of life for the patient. Henceforth Amsacrine is one to watch out for due to its specific mode of action. Reference. Amsacrine has an acridine chromophore with an amine at the 9 position (fig 1.) used in the treatment of some types of lymphoma or acute adult leukaemia [5]. It can also be known as Amsidine or m-AMSA [1]. Lymphoma…