Apoptosis

express Ca2+ -permeable AMPA-type glutamate receptors that are involved in the migration response. Their overexpression resulted in migration and proliferation, and their conversion to Ca2+ -impermeable receptors inhibited cell migration and induced apoptosis. So, inhibition of these receptors might prevent glioblastoma invasion (Miller, R., & Perry, A. 2007). Glioblastoma also may arise through 2 distinct pathways of neoplastic progression. Tumors that progress from lower-grade (II or III)…

Positions for Mind-Body Problem Mind-body dualism or lack thereof has been a recurring topic of discussion in philosophical discourse. Some of the positions on this mind-body problem include dualism, idealism, and materialism. Dualism is the notion that there are two fundamental states, extended and thinking substance and there are differing areas of this approach that propose their causal relationship or their independence from each other. Idealism focuses on the mind and soul aspect of…

The simple but revolutionary organism Drosophila melanogaster has intricate properties that are studied to find its relations with human genes. Not only is D. melanogaster a model organism for its rapid growth, inexpensive culturing, and easy modifications, the Drosophila can provide more in-depth scientific analysis that can solve human diseases. The model organism D. melanogaster is studied to find ground-breaking research in neurology, sleep, cancer, and drug discovery. The multivariable…

Helicobacter pylori is correlated with the malignant transformation of the gastric epithelial cells. It has been correlated with a variety of condtitions that serve as a precursor for gastric carcinogenesis. This review focuses on the different factors that enable Helicobacter pylori to colonize and damage the stomach epithelium, which are directly linked to Helicobacter pylori-induce gastric carcinogenesis. These factors include cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA), Vacuolating toxin A (vacA),…

G-protein coupled receptors are found in eukaryotes, and are encoded by around 1-3% of the genes in the genome. In this essay I will discuss the general structure and model of activation of GPCRs, as well as how this model has been realised, through the study of bacteriorhodopsin, a homology model of GPCRs. There are many examples of GPCRs illustrating how GPCRs can have a wide range of cellular consequences and I will discuss how the activation of rhodopsin, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors,…

This retrospective histological and immunohistochemical study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of pancreatic toxicity induced by patulin exposure and the role of goji extract to eliminate its toxicity. It has been reported that the relationship of the endocrine–exocrine parts of the pancreas is a complex one because of the close anatomical and functional links. The impairment of the endocrine part of the pancreas has a marked effect upon its exocrine component. It was stated that islet…

signaling caused relief of the hox gene repression in both cell lines and breast tumors; increased DNA methylation and hox gene silencing also occurred. An experiment was performed which reduced HOXC10 in vitro and in xenografts caused a decrease in apoptosis and resulted in antiestrogen resistance. The scientist tested primary and metastatic cancer specimens to show that HOXC10 was reduced in tumors that reoccurred during AI treatment. Another study showed that it is hypothesized that disease…

own way. There are two types of stem cells: embryonic and adult. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they have the ability to differentiate into any variety of stem cells. All stem cells are immortal, meaning they will never undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) due to replication. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are gathered by removing a fertilized embryo and placing the embryo in a petri dish containing culture medium-nutrient broth, which provides the cells/embryo food…

Keywords: Aralia continetalis Kitagawa; Kaurenoic acid; Phase I; Pharmacokinetics; Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Abbreviations: AIC, akaike information criteria; AUC0-∞, the area under the concentration–time curve from zero to infinity; CL/F, the total body clearance for oral administration; Cmax, the maximum plasma concentration; CV, coefficient of variation; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; ka, the absorption rate constant; IS, internal…

cancer formation and metastasis. Stem cells are likely responsible for the regeneration of breast cancer. There is a linkage between the expression of Wnt1 in human mammary epithelial cells and cancer as it increases stem cell renewal, resistance to apoptosis and failure to senesce. The Wnt pathway is not found in normal stem-like cells. This section is the primary focus of my paper and is a target principle in my focus question: signaling pathways specifically the Wnt-beta catenin pathway. This…