Apoptosis

Review Questions Write one-paragraph responses to 4 of the following 6 questions below. Each paragraph should be 5 to 10 sentences (or about 70 – 150 words), and written in your own words. Session 1: Cell Pathology 3. Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible, and hypoxia is a major cause. Explain how hypoxia causes reversible cell injury (in particular hydropic change), which can then lead to cell death. Lets compare a living cell to a water balloon. When we fill the balloon up…

5-triphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 triggers the activation of AKT/PKB signal pathway. AKT is a protooncogene protein that inhibits programmed cell death through binding of BAX preventing it from degrading the mitochondrial membrane that result in caspase-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of AKT pathway signals Rheb that triggers mTOR activation translation factor S6K, which binds to the large ribosome subunit and promotes RNA translation (Davis et al., 2014). This suggest that AKT activation…

supply increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (Roduit et al., 2004); although if constantly in excess, mainly in involvement with elevated glucose, saturated free fatty acids can lessen insulin synthesis and secretion and stimulate beta cell apoptosis (Lee, 1994). Chronic exposure to elevated free fatty acid and glucose levels can result in glucolipotoxicity with basal hypersecretion of insulin and inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion at higher concentrations of glucose…

Parkinson's disease Definition: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Causes: Nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. With Parkinson’s disease, the brain cells located in the substantia…

called capsaicin could kill cancer cells. Popovich, who studies bioactive compounds in plants, used capsaicin on top of cancer cells for his experiment. He discovered that capsaicin could reduce growth of cancer cells through a process called apoptosis --- a sort of cell "suicide" which eventually recycles them into new cells with the help of some mutations. "That's one of the ways scientists think capsaicin and other active compounds in vegetables can prevent cancer development by…

During its lifetime all living organisms are subjected to a number of factors threatening the integrity of their DNA. Organisms have evolved to efficiently respond to these DNA insults that result from either endogenous sources (cellular metabolic processes) or exogenous sources (environmental factors). Endogenous sources of DNA damage include hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, and mismatch of DNA bases; sources for exogenous DNA damage include ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet (UV) radiation…

vascular proli-feration[20].Among several tumor suppressor genes, p53 reveal to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many prevalent malignancies [21] including brain cancer. p53 has been displayed to exert tumor suppressor activity by impelling apoptosis , initiating the cell cycle [22], stimulating cell differentiation [23], and being involved in DNA repair pathways [24]. Mutations in the p53 gene are identified in about 28% of de novo GBM and 65% of secondary [25], thus indicating that p53…

Bismuth is the 83rd chemical in the periodic table. It is found as a natural metal on the surface of the earth. Bi has a ground state electronic configuration of [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 and trivalent and pentavalent Bi, Bi(III) and Bi(V), respectively, are the two predominant oxidation states. [27] It was discovered over a thousand years ago but was often confused with tin and lead. It is a prevalent post transition metal, which chemically resembles arsenic or antimony. Bismuth is the most naturally…

Chromatin is a compacted form of chromosomal DNA, the basic unit of which is the nucleosome, consisting of 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a core histone octamer. To regulate the structure of chromatin, histones undergo a large number of post-translational modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, ADP ribosylation, beta-N-acetylglucosamine and deamination. These modifications can also recruit other remodeling proteins and complexes to reposition…

Glandular fever (or infectious mononucleosis) is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. It affects mostly teenagers and young adults and leads to fatigue, skin rashes and swollen lymph nodes. Currently, there are no specific cures to eliminate glandular fever from its host, however, treatments are available to fight the symptoms and the most reliable cure currently is for body’s immune system to combat the virus. Glandular fever or mononucleosis is a viral infection caused by the…