Antivenom

Title/short summary The rattlesnake lives in many places and habitats throughout the Western Hemisphere including deserts, plains and mountains. There are 24 different species of rattlesnake, and its average lifespan lasts anywhere from 10 to 20 years. A rattlesnake’s diet usually consists of lizards and small rodents including mice, rats, squirrels or rabbits. It measures around 5 to 6 feet long and approximately 5 pounds and often takes several years to mature. Natural predators of rattlesnakes include crows, coyotes, skunks, raccoons, roadrunners, king snakes and more. Taxonomy The taxonomy of the rattlesnake start with the kingdom Animalia and subkingdom Bilateria. Then it moves to the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata and the class Reptilia. Rattlesnakes are then placed in the order Squamata, suborder Serpentes, family Viperidae, subfamily Crotalinae and genus Crotalus. Description The rattlesnake’s eye is well adapted to nocturnal use, however their vision is keener during daytime. Rattlesnakes are able to see color, but unable to sharply define images forcing them to rely mostly on their perception of movement to hunt. Even though their eyes don’t move to follow objects, they are capable of horizontal rotation. The rattlesnake’s sense of smell is exceptionally acute. They smell both through their nostrils and the flicking of their tongues which carries particles to an organ called the Jacobson’s organ in the roof of their mouths.…

Traditionally, production of antivenoms have focused on four species believed to be responsible for most deaths: Naja naja, Bungarus caeruleus, Daboia russelii, and Echis carinatus. However, a number of other species that contribute to envenoming in the region have not been considered, and envenoming by these species usually does not respond adequately to existing antivenoms. The goal of antivenom administration is to allow antibodies to bind up circulating venom components before they can…

Most cases of these spider bites are rarely fatal, but it can cause severe local or systemic pain. The treatment recommended to relieve the symptoms is widow spider antivenom therapy, which will start to work in the span of one to two hours once it is administered. In most cases only two ampoules of antivenom are required (Graudins and Nicholson, 2003). The reason that black widow spider antivenom works well with a katipo bite is because they are from the same family of arachnids.…

care system was a country, it would have the sixth largest economy in the entire planet. And despite it being wealthy, it’s the only industrialized nation that does not have a universal health care system (Statistics). America’s health care system is an atrocity in our society because it is bankrupting millions of Americans in addition to offering ineffective treatment to those who need medical care. It has been estimated that hospitals overcharge Americans by about 10 billion dollars each year…

Blue-Ringed Octopus The blue-ringed octopus, despite its small size, carries enough venom to kill twenty-six adult humans within minutes. Their bites are tiny and often painless, with many victims not realizing they have been envenomated until respiratory depression and paralysis start to set in. No blue-ringed octopus antivenom is available yet, making it one of the deadliest reef inhabitants in the ocean. Blue-ringed octopuses are one of the deadliest animals in the sea. Through their…

store honey in. The modern beehive is made up of a series of square or rectangular boxes without tops or bottoms placed one on top of another. Inside the boxes, frames are hung in parallel, in which bees build up the wax honeycomb in which they both raise brood and store honey. Modern hives enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide. In addition to gathering nectar to…

the cranial nerves being affected results in dysarthria, dysphagia, drooling amongst many other things; this then processes to weakness of limb muscle and paralysis of respiratory muscle leading to death if treatment not seeked immediately (Lewis and Gutmann, 2004). Presynaptic neurotoxins produce neuromuscular blockade, by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane and producing a characteristic triphasic effect on acetylcholine release (Lewis and Gutmann, 2004).…

pillows will also retain water from the air during humid conditions, so they can mildew. Camping pillows use a coating to lock moisture out to improve your comfort level. Try to combine a camping experience with a swimming experience of some way. You may miss the shower when you are camping. There are many items in terms of camping equipment that you should bring on your trip. You do not want to forget essential items. In order to ensure that this does not happen, make a checklist before you…

2009). Most bacteria associated in snakebite wound infection were opportunistic pathogens for human, which results in potentially hazardous diseases (Yeon-Sook Jho et al 2011). Cobra bites are more severe than other snakebites, as oral cavity of cobras especially associated with the commonest pathogens of humans (C.M. Chen et. al2010). The injury inflected by vipers and cobras more likely results in secondary wound infections and the oral flora of these snakes are generally variable according to…

“Gina get Jenny out here we're going home!” I yelled into the trees. “Yes!” Gina yelped from inside the trees. I could hear Gina saying Jenny get up let's go. A few seconds later Gina and Jenny burst through the trees with smiles from ear to ear. “Get in,”said the man “We have to get to the hospital,” I begged as we hurried into the car “I’ll get you there as fast as I can,” The man answered “Thankyou,” I replied. When we got to the hospital Jenny was rushed to the ER and we sat in the waiting…