Antigen

What is Heartworm? Heartworm disease is caused by the parasitic roundworm known as Dirofilaria Immitis. A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense. Over 70 species of mosquitos can serve as an intermediate host of which the most common carriers would be the Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. It is commonly diagnosed in dogs but can also affect cats as well as ferrets. Infections are also possible in wild animals…

History of Organ Transplants The first organ transplants took place in 200 BC. A Chinese physician, Hua-Tuo, is said to have replaced diseased organs with healthy ones. He is also the first physician to use anaesthesia. Both of these are significant. Organs could be replaced and anaesthetics were available. Not much is recorded about organ transplants until the late 17th and early 18th centuries, when experiments with animal to human blood transfusions, skin grafts, and animal to human…

Chronic periodontitis is a complex disease caused by microorganism. recent studies showed the effect of periodontal diseases on the systemic health conditions like cardiovascular disease (CVD). C reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactant which used as marker for monitoring of periodontal diseases and systemic health problems. Body mass index (BMI) on the other hand has a relationship with the level of CRP and severity of periodontal diseases as well as systemic health. 1.1. INTRODUCTION…

whereas IL-2 influences the proliferation of T lymphocytes and activation of B lymphocytes. IL-4 helps to differentiate B lymphocytes into plasma cells secret IgE. With TNF-α, IL-4 regulates the expression of both high- and low-affinity IgE receptor on antigen presenting cells. IL-5 activates B lymphocytes and helps in the differentiation of eosinophils, and IL-6 causes B lymphocytes to increase the synthesis and…

problems if not handled in the correct way. During RA the body mistakes antibodies against its own proteins, which then leads to the overreaction of the immune system. When the body’s antibodies connect or attach to the protein, also referred to as antigen, the immune system complexes. Theses exclusive collected antibodies are called “rheumatoid factor” these antibodies are distributed into the joints, which causes to the body to enforce removal, but only creates more damage to the joint and…

The Ebola Virus Disease is an extremely brutal, and fast working virus that is most commonly found in Sub Saharan Africa.(WHO, 2016) Humans mainly contract ebola through infected fluids (such as blood, urine, and fecal matter) that come in contact with ruptured skin, or mucous membranes. Ebola has the ability to stay alive on most material that it comes in contact with, and can be contracted very easily if someone inadvertently…

Tumor microenvironments consist of solid tumors and a matrix of blood supply. This also consist of a variety of immune cells that aid in cell signaling. This environment functions off the recruitment of chemoattractants, growth hormones, cytokines, and other key elements. Myeloid derived stem cells play a major role in tumor microenvironments. The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to…

There was a time when it wasn’t uncommon for someone to die from smallpox, polio, bubonic plague, pertussis, measles, or diphtheria. Bubonic plague wiped out approximately one third of the population of Europe between the years 1347 and 1351, leaving whole towns abandoned and causing mass hysteria. In the year 1520, Spanish conquistadors brought Old World diseases to the Americas, and smallpox decimated the native population to the point of near-extinction. During the 1940s and 1950s, hundreds…

The Myths and Facts of Prostate Cancer Today Cancer is one disease that is dreaded by all. The word itself instils the feeling of no return. The media, the general public all have been fascinated with the causes and the prevention aspects related to cancer. One fortnight of excessive coffee, junk food or tea may instil the fear of prostate cancer in men. Prostate Cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting men in India. 1 in 6 men are said to suffer from some prostate complication in…

who have mothers or sisters with breast cancer (another hormone regulated cancer). • Older men are also at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer. How is prostate cancer diagnosed? Routine screening may reveal high levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A direct rectal examination (DRE) may also reveal abnormalities of the prostate gland. If these initial tests are abnormal other tests to follow can…