Antigen

The etiology and pathogenesis of RA are complex and multifaceted. A range of predetermined (genes) and stochastic (random events and environment) factors contribute to susceptibility and pathogenesis.(kelly). The initiation of RA probably begins years before the onset of clinical symptoms. This process involves certain specific genes that can help break tolerance and lead to autoreactivity. It is likely that the earliest phases are marked by repeated activation of innate immunity Cigarette smoke…

three miscarriages before I finally fell pregnant and stayed that way, eventually leading to my first successful pregnancy at age 34.” It is stories like these that make us wonder what actually occurs during pregnancy to allow acceptance of foreign antigens. To answer this question I will look into the reproductive immunology, and how a single sperm can evade the immune systems defensive mechanisms, fertilise an egg, and then form an embryo which in itself is also able to evade the maternal…

Unique microorganisms reside on and within tissues and body fluids of mammals, and are known as the commensal microbiota. It is estimated that the human body contains 3x1013 eukaryotic cells and 4x1013 bacteria (1). By early adulthood host cells are outnumbered by microbial species by 100 fold (2). These microbes are far from neutral bystanders, and are suspected to influence the developing immune system in responses from cytokine balance, to lymphocyte responses, to antibody induction (3). In…

patients contain high levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [3, 4]. The high levels of TNF-α are produced mainly by macrophages and can induce cartilage degradation and induce antigen-presenting cells triggers TH17 activation in rheumatoid arthritis [5, 6]. TH17 plays an important role in the progress of rheumatoid arthritis, TH17 and Il-17 is known as highly correlated…

colonization as wells for survival since attachment provide the means by which H. pylori obtains nutrients [116]. H. pylori possess two major adhesion molecules of BabA and SabA. The blood group antigen binding adhesion (Bab A) allows Helicobacter pylori connect to the Lewis b blood group antigen and H antigen type 1…

consists of antibodies, the protein molecules designed to interact with an antigen. When the immune system is attacked with an antigen, anything that is foreign to the body such as germs and bacteria, it will begin fighting. Christine Murphy said, “Antibodies attack themselves to any foreign antigens like bacteria or parasites, that may exist in blood or body fluids outside of the body’s cells,usually coating these antigens as one step in the complex process of the destruction, digestion, and…

specific for certain antigens, and it remembers antigens that it has encountered previously. Lymphatic tissue, specifically red bone marrow and the thymus, produces B and T cells. Both B and T cells play roles in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be either helper T cells (CD4 T cells) or cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells). CD4 T cells directly attack antigens in cell-mediated immunity whereas in antibody-mediated immunity, the B cells make antibodies that inactivate specific antigens.…

containing A, B, and Rh antigens, this type of blood is known as type O negative. Individual con this kind of blood are consider an important blood donor because their blood can be donated to people of any blood type (Science 0nline, 2009). Blood types is an important achievement of Karl Landsteiner’s research on blood. This research determine that there are three types of blood and its characteristics. The type A and B carry a specific and different protein or antigen while the third type do…

Introduction: Herpes Labialis, also known as the cold sore, is characterized by painful clusters of clear blisters on or around the mouth, and is often accompanied with fever. The disease is usually caused by the virus HSV-1, or herpes simplex type 1, but can also be caused by HSV-2. In a previous study, it was found that 67.6% of Americans possessed antibodies for HSV-1, establishing HSV-1 as an exceptionally prevalent virus even in developed countries 9. The virus is spread through skin to…

anginosus has increasing status as an emerging pathogen. S. anginosus is a member of the viridians streptococci, which are non-hemolytic and catalase negative. This species is also nonmotile, a facultative anaerobe, and is known to have Lancefield antigens A, C, F or G. Historically, these organisms had been recognized as normal flora of the oral cavity and GI tract. However, more recently discovered is their ability to cause abscesses and systemic infections in the host, separating them from…