Anticholinergic

Atropine is classified as a muscarinic anticholinergic parasympatholytic. Atropine comes from a plant called Atropa Belladonna and is one of several drugs classified as a belladonna alkaloids. It selectively blocks muscarinic receptors that inhibit parasympathetic stimulation and it can be absorbed by both enteral and parenteral routes. It is a medication that is distributed in most body tissues. Atropine is a drug that is metabolized in the liver and is normally eliminated in urine in 24 hrs.…

it is an abnormal reaction of the body to a allergens . A medical condition that causes someone to become sick after eating, touching, or breathing something that is harmless to most people. Also, it is occurs when a person's immune system reacts to substances in the environment that are harmful for most people. Allergy symptoms, fever. may cause Sneezing and Itching of the eyes, nose or ceiling of the mouth ,liquid , stuffy nose ,Watery, red or bulging eyes (conjunctivitis). Rash. For example,…

medications are used to treat vertigo and the frequently concurrent nausea and emesis. These medications exhibit various combinations of acetylcholine, dopamine, and histamine receptor antagonism. The American Gastroenterological Association recommends anticholinergics and antihistamines for the treatment of nausea associated with vertigo or motion sickness (22). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vestibular system. Benzodiazepines enhance the action of GABA…

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics refers to the mechanisms of drug action. Loratadine is a “non-sedating” tricyclic anti-histamine that possesses competitive, selective, peripheral H1-receptor antagonistic activity. The onset of the anti-histaminic effect occurs 1-2 hours after the administration of the drug and the peak effect occurs between 8-12 hours. Loratadine is known as a long-acting anti-histamine as its anti-histaminic effect can persist for up to 24 hours. Histamine is produced from…

Polypharmacy Polypharmacy can be defined simply as taking more than five medications, or it can be described as the use of inappropriate medications without appropriate therapeutic indications, multiple medications used to treat the same condition, use interacting medication, inappropriate medication dosage, and the use of medication to counteract the side effects of another medication (Tarasiuk & Constantiner, n.d.). The contributory factors to polypharmacy are self-medication by the patients…

When administered, sugammadex forms a water-soluble complex with aminosteroid non-depolarizing agents, thereby reversing NMB.22 Sugammadex has an affinity for aminosteroids as follows: rucoronium> vecuronium> pancuronium.1 Specifically, sugammadex is 2.5 times more selective for rocuronium than vecuronium.23 Sugammadex acts three to eight times faster than neostigmine to reverse a NMB.24 Due to its highly selective reversal of rocuronium-induced NMB, there is a new but growing interest in…

brands are available in the USA) or surgery to remove eyelid muscle, used alone or in conjunction with the botulinum toxin injections. Approximately one-third of affected individuals are treated with oral medications (drug therapy) specifically anticholinergic drugs and with dopamine depletes such as tetrabenazine. The results of these drug treatments are usually moderate or unsatisfactory and often temporary. Additional drugs that have been used to treat BEB include clonazepam, trihexyphenidyl,…

Parkinson's disease, also abbreviated as “PD”, is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects a person's nervous system, making them have trouble moving. A human has certain kinds of nerve cells in the brain called dopamine, these cells transmit and send signals to the brain allowing a person to control their movement. When these cells start breaking down and having problems, they cause a person to lose their control of movement, due to the lack of dopamine. PD is not a communicable disease – it…

Hyperhidrosis Hyperhidrosis is defined as medical condition characterized by extreme and excessive sweating. There are two types of hyperhidrosis-primary and secondary. Typically, primary hyperhidrosis begins during childhood and continues past adulthood. The excessive sweating is localized in the hands, feet, face, and armpits. Secondary hyperhidrosis affects the entire body and is caused by another medical condition (“Medical Definition of Hyperhidrosis”). Hyperhidrosis is a condition which…

liquid formula and in a Less Drowsy Formula that may have fewer sedative side effects. Meclizine hydrochloride (Bonine) treats vomiting and dizziness and do not operate machinery while taking this medication. This is available over the counter. Anticholinergics Hyoscine hydrobromide may be prescribed as a skin patch to relieve motion sickness and it is also available over the counter as tablets. Side effects may include dry mouth, drowsiness, difficulty…