Angiotensin

and norepinephrine; also causing vasoconstriction. The kidneys are highly sensitive to a drop in blood flow and are stimulated by vasoconstriction and a decreased level of carbon dioxide which activates the renin-angiotensin system to increases blood pressure and afterload. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to start secreting aldosterone to retain sodium and water to increase blood volume (Hinkle and Cheever, 2015). All of these mechanisms puts the body in to fluid overload causing…

can work better. Digitalis inhibits sodium-potassium ATPase, with this action increased intracellular sodium happens. When this happens, intracellular calcium is a result. Digitalis also works by reducing sympathetic response and decreased renin-angiotensin system output. Digitalis can be especially helpful with patients that are having elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure because it reduces cardiac sympathetic…

Heart disease is a disorder of blood vessels which can lead to a heart attack. Also called cardiovascular disease/ cardiac disease. Heart disease is a condition that involves narrowed or blocked blood vessel. That prevent other body part of your body like the heart from recieving blood. Symptoms and effects of this disease Effects; heart disease, chest pain, stroke, can effect your heart muscle valves. Symptoms; shortness of breath, pain in neck, jaw, throat, numbness and weakness. Since…

The force in the arteries when blood pumped by the heart hits the walls of arteries is known as blood pressure . When the heart contracts,the highest pressure in the arteries is known as the systolic pressure . Whereas , the lowest pressure in the arteries in between two heart beats is referred to as diastolic pressure . A normal individual would have a blood pressure of below 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure or otherwise known as hypertension is a condition when the force in the arteries are…

Hypertension (primary/essential) is one of the most common diseases diagnosed today. Hypertension is a major risk factor in cardiac heart disease, including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Hypertension is also an independent risk factor for the development of stroke and renal failure. A person with hypertension has double the risk of developing cardiac heart disease than those who have normal blood pressures. What is primary/essential hypertension? It is a systolic blood…

Day 1 Summary: John is a 62-year-old male smoker who has presented with concerning a BMI and blood test results. Q1. John’s low density glycoprotein levels are higher than the target level (actual level 5.6, target 1.0). Long term decreased high density glycoprotein level leads to a build-up of cholesterol in the body. Additionally, John’s triglyceride levels are above the recommended target level (actual level 5.7, target level <4.0). This supports the other data gathered, suggesting that…

Liver failure, caused by things such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, leads to an array of symptoms including cardiorespiratory insufficiency (hepatopulmonary syndrome; HPS) and renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome; HRS). Disregarding the cause of liver failure itself, discuss the development of both of these symptoms. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Figure 1: Blood Flow in Normal Conditions and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (Grace & Angus, 2013). Figure 1 (above) shows the blood flow in a normal patient (top),…

arteries, and arterioles. The purpose is to decrease the total peripheral vascular resistance and the dilatation of the blood vessels as by the action of a nerve. The Valsartan 320mg it’s for an angiotensin II receptor it’s an antagonist that blocks the vasoconstrictor as well as inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II. The therapeutic effect that causes it to reduce the peripheral resistance as a result it decreases the blood…

Pathophysiology In metabolic syndrome many organs are affected due to malnutrition, stress and inactivity. With all these factors playing a part the body has different ways of trying to protect it self, that in turn can cause more harm than good. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistant, hypertension, and chronic cortisol release are results of the factors which contribute to metabolic syndrome. Abdominal Obesity A high consumption of calorie dense food and lack of physical activity are…

physically active life and maintain a healthy weight and quit or do not start smoking. There is also doctor prescribed medicines as a way of treating heart disease as well. Such as taking aspirin, ACE inhibitors, antiarrhythmics, antiplatelet drugs, angiotensin ll receptor…