Angiotensin

TAQ 1 Explain the term Homeostasis. The term homeostasis is derived from two Greek words; homios meaning ‘the same’ and stasis meaning ‘steady’. It refers to the processes by which the body and internal cells seek to constantly maintain an internal state of balance and equilibrium even when faced with external environmental changes. This is achieved through either positive or negative feedback loop controls associated mainly with the endocrine and nervous systems. Principal homeostatic…

What is Heart Failure? According to MayoClinic.Org,” Heart failure, sometimes referred to as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.” Web. . January 12, 2016 There are contributing factors that can lead to heart failure such as coronary artery disease,…

Five hormones regulate tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Angiotensin II has three main methods affecting on renal physiology. First, it decreases GFR by causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles. Second, it enhances reabsorption of Na+, CL-, and water in the proximal convoluted tubule by stimulating the activity of Na+/H+ antiporters. Last, it stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone, a hormone that in turn stimulates principal cells in the collecting ducts to…

decreased renal blood flow, in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and in osmolar and water clearance [1, 2]. Beyond hemodynamic consequences of mechanical ventilation, these effects were partly ascribable to an activation of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems, suppress the atrial natriuretic peptide release, while anti-diuretic hormone concentration was demonstrated to play little role [1, 3–5] . Changes in PaCO2 and PaO2 levels were shown to influence renal perfusion or sodium and…

the American College of Cardiology. These guidelines include avoiding the use of drugs or supplements that can raise blood pressure, exercising and dieting, as well as taking diuretics, ACE inhibitors, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers. The article further provides questions for patients that emanate from these new guidelines. Such questions include the persons who need the treatment guidelines, knowing one’s risk of hypertension, and likelihood of blood…

The measures that are to be taken are use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), left ventricle function (LVF) assessment, smoking cessation counseling, and discharge instructions. The one I personally found most important…

This process involves three key components. The first is renin which stimulates the formation of angiotensin which in turn stimulates the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin II (AII). AII increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and arterial pressure, and stimulates the release of aldosterone causing sodium reabsorption and water retention in the body (Klabunde, 2014). As sodium…

Kidney disease is normally caused by the damage to the nephron. This damage can be caused by genetics, injury, drugs, cancer, cysts, stones, and/or infection (National Library of Medicine, 2015). Glomerulonephritis is when the glomeruli are inflamed. The disease can be acute or chronic and it can be a primary or secondary form of glomerulonephritis, depending on how the glomerulonephritis is caused (Mayo Clinic, 2014a). Nephrotic syndrome is when the urine has too much protein in it, causing the…

Some medications that a doctor will do to help lower blood pressure are diuretics, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, and renin inhibitors to name a few. Sometimes through a healthy diet and exercise hypertension can be controlled without medication if it is caught soon enough. People…

could also contribute to the cause of chronic heart failure (5). In the case of Aala’s grandmother, there are many different treatment options accessible in order to manage her condition effectively. A key treatment option to consider is the use of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors). ACE inhibitors…