Angiotensin

It has been already stated that the definite causes of essential hypertension (which accounts for 95% of conditions) are not known, but it is associated with a number of factors that might increase that patients probability of developing hypertension like, age, obesity, insulin resistance (diabetes), high alcohol intake, high salt intake (especially in salt-sensitive patients), and sometimes sedentary life style, stress, low potassium and calcium intake can cause hypertension, also, high blood…

heart to increase the heart rate, which will increase contractility and CO consequently (Conelius, 2014). The second mechanism is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. If the kidneys sense that they are not receiving enough blood, they will release renin which is converted to angiotensin I by angiotensinogen and then angiotensin II an enzyme. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that will allow for an increase in preload, which will then increase contractility and an eventual…

Joanne’s body responds to hypovolemic shock by triggering the cardiovascular, renal, hematologic and neuroendocrine system for support. The Hematologic system responds to major blood loss by activating coagulation cascades and constricting the vessels that are currently bleeding by release of thromboxane A2 and platelets. What this does is form a colt on the bleeding site. Collagen is exposed by damaged vessels which cause fibrin production and stabilize the clots that have been formed. Usually…

Beta blockers are the first line drug choice when treating angina related to CAD. Beta blockers decrease cardiac oxygen demand, by blocking beta receptors in the heart, decreasing heart rate and contractibility, reducing peripheral resistance and after load. Slowing heart rate increases diastolic fill time, increasing the amount of time blood flows throughout myocardial vessels. When taken with nitroglycerin, extra benefits include blunting reflex tachycardia. Dosage starts out low and slowly…

The pathophysiology of hypertension is unclear. Some people develop hypertension from an underlying renal or adrenal disease called secondary hypertension, but this is only a small percent. Most people have no single identifiable cause labeling them with a diagnosis of essential (also called primary) hypertension. There are many physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining a normal blood pressure, and the upset of any of these mechanisms may play a role in the development of essential…

These commonly utilized anti-hypertensive agents include drugs categorized as angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). A study from 2010, revealed that pharmacies dispensed over 168.7 million prescriptions for ACE inhibitors and approximately 83.7 million prescriptions for ARB’s.5 Knowing which medications…

treatment of the patients to maintain regular exercising, to either to stop smoking or continue without starting to smoking, also discontinue alcohol or illegal drug use. For the patients that have vascular or cardiac conditions follow treatments by an angiotensin that converts enzyme inhibitor or a blocker is prescribe to the resident, and for other patients who had a…

Although the human eye’s complexity is extensive, it is unable to handle time prolonged computer screen viewing, as the eyes are most comfortable switching between various focal distances and light complexities. Chris’ eyes will be under extreme strain due to her age and slowly degrading eye functionality, as well as the constant use of a digital screen. The pressure on the eye from an iPad screen is due to the screens fixated distance, which is not encouraging the activity of the eye. Two sets…

This system has direct control over the blood pressure, the volume of blood, and the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Angiotensin II controls vasoconstriction in the circulatory system, which increases blood pressure and can cause hypertension (Burchum and Rosenthal, 2016,p.471-473). Aldosterone is what controls the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It also is released…

nervous system and the renal renin-angiotensin system provide overall control, and cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance are the primary regulating factors. Baroreceptors within the carotid sinus an the aortic arch along with with chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata sense changes in the blood pressure and cause the vasomotor center to respond to those changes through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to the control…