Angiotensin

Chronic Renal Disease: J.H. and ESRD J. H. is a 55-year-old African American male who presented himself to the Emergency Department with a progressively worsening headache. He had a blood pressure (BP) of 233/134, with complaints of regular abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting and shortness of breath with exertion. Alert and oriented, he stated non-compliance with his BP medications and refusal to do dialysis since his initial diagnosis. Pathophysiology ESRD is the fifth and final stage…

Our body requires a well-balanced diet every day in order to maintain the adequate amounts of vitamins, nutrients and minerals needed to maintain a healthy body. Food gives our bodies the energy that we need to do work. But not all categories of food that can be include in nutritious food but can harm to our health. According to dictionary junk means useless, extra and something that is not needed. Pizzas, chaat, samosa, burgers, french fries are called junk food but all these food have become…

The heart is a complex organ that we need in order to pump blood to our body. The cardiac cycle and blood pressure (BP) are two things that greatly affect how our body can function. Both are a part of the circulatory system. There are many diseases that can affect the cardiac cycle and the BP. These diseases can affect our circulatory system, lungs, and our heart’s ability to function properly. When the cardiac cycle and BP are affected then the body is in danger of being greatly damaged. The…

Heart failure is a cardiovascular disorder. Heart failure occurs when the heart is incapable of pumping blood around the body efficiently, therefore is unable to meet the body’s needs for blood and oxygen. There are differing types of heart failure, chronic and acute heart failure being the most common (4). This essay will give a brief background on heart failure, the casual agents of heart failure as well as risk factors, testing and appropriate treatment strategies. Heart failure is a serious…

Atherosclerosis is when one's arteries, the blood vessels that carry oxygen and other nutrients from one's heart to the rest of their body, become thick and stiff; resulting in the occasional restriction of blood flow to their organs and tissues. Symptoms normally do not appear if it is a mild case. A moderate to severe case has different symptoms depending on where the affected arteries are located. When located in the heart arteries one might experience chest pains or chest pressure, but if…

Describe trisomy 21. Trisomy 21 is a genetic disorder commonly known as Down syndrome. It is caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. IT is the most common chromosomal abnormality associated with intellectual disability. One in 730 live births results in trisomy 21. It is seen in all ages, races and socioeconomic levels, but a higher incidence is found with a maternal age older than 35 years. This is associated with the fact that 90% of cases with an extra chromosome…

The nervous, renal and the endocrine systems of the body are all believed to take part in the regulation of blood pressure whereby in different circumstances they lead to higher readings. The renin-angiotensin system also has a crucial role to play regarding blood pressure control (James, Oparil, Carter, Cushman, Dennison-Himmelfarb, Handler & Ortiz, 2014). It has been argued that any event that leads to high cardiac activity and challenging blood vessels…

Atherosclerosis is a cardio vascular disease that is described when the arteries thin and toughen. This disease starts when the endiolethem lining in the body gets hurt. It can be caused by multiple things such as smoking, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. Over time, a clutter of cholesterol and white blood cells make a panel in the artery. The symptoms do not usually show until older age, but it can cause pain or blood clots. This disease can also cause people to have strokes. Most of…

There are also some concerns to consider with Coversyl administration when the kidneys have been proven dysfunctional with high creatinine and urea levels in blood. The contra-indications with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors illustrate that patients with renal failure could progress to a severe stage sooner under administration of the drug (MIMs Online 2015). Hyperkalaemia is also at risk with the combined use of Coversyl, Frusemide (Loop…

According to Kirova, Bays, and Lagalwar (2015), “Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by deficits in episodic memory, working memory (WM), and executive function” (p. 1). Instances that are classified as executive dysfunction are reduced selective and divided attention, inability to reverse intrusive stimuli, and weak manipulation skills. There is evidence supporting that Alzheimer’s happens because of postmortem recognition of pathology in neural tissue.…