Angiotensin

Discussion The results of this experiment for the hypotonic treatment group did support the tested hypothesis that urine production rate should increase, while salt concentration and specific gravity of urine should decrease for this group. For the isotonic treatment group, the tested hypothesis was supported in that the specific gravity and salt concentration went up slightly, but was not supported in that the the urine production rate did not greatly increase over time. The findings for the…

First of all, in order to receive a new heart, patients have to register on a waiting list. The waiting list for hearts may take up to 1.3 years on average, because out of all the people who die, less than 1% of them are potential donors. In other words, less than 1% of the people who die are brain dead. A person who is brain dead means he/she has an irreversible damage in the brain, causing the brain to lose its functions. There are two definitions of death in Australia. One of them refers to…

When the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, the blood pushes against the walls of your blood vessels, and such a force is defined as blood pressure. Blood pressure represents the rises and falls with the phases of the heartbeat, and the heart is at its highest during systole and at rest during diastole. The systolic pressure is the measurement of when the heart muscle contracts to force blood through the arteries, while the diastolic pressure is the measurement of when the heart is at…

Preclinical points of view Metformin improves the insulin resistance primarily in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues by reducing the liver glucose output, largely due to a diminution in the rate of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (97). Various beneficial effects of metformin include attenuation of abnormal glucose metabolism, weight loss, improvement of insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, subclinical inflammation, lipid-lowering properties, antineoplastic potential and cardiovascular…

The focus of my case analysis is J.R., a 53 year old Hispanic male who has retired after serving 23 years in the United States Army. His hobbies include playing golf and watching sports. J.R has health insurance through Tricare and he is able to receive medications at no cost when his prescriptions are filled on the military base at which he sees his primary care provider. He is allergic to shellfish and the reactions that he experiences are hives and airway swelling. He currently smokes 1 pack…

Definition and Pathophysiology The leading cause of PVD/PAD is atherosclerosis of the arteries. Atherosclerosis occurs when deposits of lipids and cholesterol obstruct and harden the arteries. This leads to progressive narrowing of the artery. When this takes place in the peripheral vessels, blood flow id compromised to the lower extremities, and is known as PVD/PAD. There are actually three types of Peripheral Vascular Disease. Type 1(10-15% of patients) involves the aorta and ileac…

tuberculosis, fungal infection, and lymphoma.3 Laboratory studies Laboratory screening includes complete blood count (CBC), comprehensive metabolic panel, urinalysis with 24-hour urine calcium, thyroid function testing, tuberculosis screening, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)…

Clinical Manifestations “Some stated that healthcare providers who deny the existence of symptoms have never lived with HTN,” (Patros, Schlomann, Schmitke & Virgin, 2012). When healthcare providers disregard the symptoms the client expresses, the clients’ felt undetermined efforts to express themselves. “Participants described the following symptoms: headache, facial flushing, being tired, dizziness, blurring of vision, seeing stars, patting in the temple area, rapid heart rate, swelling,…

Examination of Ventricular Septal Defects and Arterial Aneurysms According to Maternal Child Nursing Care, 5th Edition, Chapter 47 – Cardiovascular Dysfunction, congenital heart defects occur in about 5 to 8 of every 1000 live births, and 2 to 3 of those affected will be symptomatic within the first year of life (Hockenberry, 2014). When looking at the different pathophysiologies of congenital heart defects, the most common form of defect is the ventricular septal defect or VSD and there are…

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) refers to the change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to a vasoactive stimulus (Kety and Schmidt, 1948). Impaired CVR has been linked with many cerebral and cerebrovascular pathologies (Glodzik et al., 2013; Greenberg, 2006a; Han et al., 2008; Mandell et al., 2008c; Mikulis et al., 2005; Yezhuvath et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2007), to study the effects of drugs on cerebral vasculature (Pattinson et al., 2007; St Lawrence et al., 2002) and also presurgical…