Angiotensin

Stage C structural heart disease with symptoms. Stage D: refractory hf and need interventions. Stage D heart failure is a refractory type of heart failure to optimal medical treatment with ACEI,beta blockers, diuretics and angiotensin antagonist. There are half of millions of end stage heart failure with reduced EF ( HfrEF) and the average survival is less than 6 months (5) The treatment options for stage D acute decompensate heart failure include: inotropes, mechanical circulatory…

Type 1 diabetes is also known as juvenile diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is insulin dependent and chronic condition where pancreas produces little or no insulin. We need sugar to enter in cells to produce energy for body. The major systems are affected are heart, nerves, kidneys, blood vessels, and eyes. The major cause of diabetes type 1 is unknown, but some studies shows that people own immune system is responsible for that. When immune system tries to fight with harmful bacteria and viruses and…

treatment of soundman with recombinant human EPO produces an expansion in red cell mass (Jelkmann, 2011). However, the expansion in haematocrit (Hct) is joined by an abatement in plasma volume, which is likely because of a down regulation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone framework and results in a steadiness of the blood volume (Jelkmann,…

Catecholomines will be activated to stabilize the cardiac output. They increase heart rate and PVR, or afterload. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system will increase preload and after load. However, Angiostensin II also facilitates ventricular remodeling which will further perpetuate the problem; this can decrease cardiac contractility and cause ventricular dilation. Insulin…

Key Issues of Concern This is Mrs. H, a 70-year-old African American female presented to the clinic with complex health problems. Some of her problems include: hypertension, heart failure. Patient has genetic predisposition to some diseases like DM2, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. This could be a contributing factor to her health problems. She has diabetes with an A1c of 8.5, this indicates that her diabetes is not within the normal range of less than 7% (National Guideline Clearinghouse,…

Earlier it was believed that polyphenols, phytates, tannins and dietary fiber contents of finger millet act as anti-nutrients because of their metal chelating and enzyme inhibition activities but now it has been confirmed that these constituents can contribute to antioxidant activity, which is an important factor in resisting aging and metabolic diseases.Morevoer, finger millet is also useful in management of various physiological disorders such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, vascular…

Raynaud’s disease (pronounced ray-NOHZ) is named after Maurice Raynaud, a French physician who first recognized the condition in 1862. It is a disease that affects the circulatory system. The disease makes the extremities of your body such as your toes and fingers feel numb and or cold, it can also affect your nipples, ears, lips, nose and penis. Symptoms of Raynaud’s usually occur when one is under stress or when they are cold. Raynaud’s disease is also known as Raynaud’s phenomenon or…

Though heart failure can occur suddenly, weakening of the heart is more likely to slowly develop over a period of time, often over many years as the heart becomes weaker and is unable to work as efficiently, which is why is it more prominent in the elderly population. Typically conditions and diseases that damage or overwork the heart lead to congestive heart failure. The major conditions and factors that cause congestive heart failure include: • Coronary artery disease • Heart valve disease •…

Abstract: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a X-linked recessive condition in which a defective gene called dystrophin is inherited. Dystrophin is an essential protein for muscular strength and stability. DMD affects 1 out of 3600 males and the symptoms are more severe in males than in females. Symptoms of DMD include skeletal deformities, fatigue, learning and intellectual developmental delay, difficulty breathing, and heart disease. Diagnosing DMD is done through serum CPK, muscle biopsy,…

more severe forms such as altered consciousness, stupor, and even going into a coma. The most common complication is ascites. Vasodilation in the systemic circulation can lead to under filling of the arteries which will then activate the renin angiotensin pathway, this pathway will in turn stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. All of this will lead to the retention of sodium and water, and together with low levels of albumin levels and increased portal hydrostatic pressure will lead to…