Analgesic

Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter and paracrine signalling molecule in all bilateral animals, where it mediates gut movements and the animal's perceptions of resource availability. 5-HT was found in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) [1] [2]. Approximately 90% of 5-HT in the human body is synthesized and released in the GI tract, and the remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS. 5-HT is synthesized from…

BEMA film was designed to rapidly deliver a drug across the mucosa when fast onset of effect is required and to formulate drugs with poor oral bioavilability[1] Buprenorphine has very poor oral bioavailability(~10%) due to extensive first pass metabolism[3] and hence cannot be formulated as an oral tablet. IM, IV, suppository, transdermal, sublingual and buccal administration routs all bypass first pass metabolism and hence increase the bioavailability however IM, IV or suppositories would be…

opium, substance derived by collecting and drying the milky juice in the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. Opium varies in color from yellow to dark brown and has a characteristic odor and a bitter taste. Its chief active principle is the alkaloid morphine, a narcotic. Other constituents are the alkaloids codeine, papaverine, and noscapine (narcotine); heroin is synthesized from morphine. Morphine, heroin, and codeine are addicting drugs; papaverine and noscapine are not.…

a doula, an expert in labor support. With their skills, doulas strive to support women to give birth naturally. Research confirms that women that are supported by doulas are less likely to experience a cesarean surgery, use narcotics or epidural analgesic. (Green, 2014) • Should avoid unnecessary interventions: All interventions have risks and many can disrupt the birth process. The most common form of medical intervention include giving intravenous fluid to pregnant women. Women can easily get…

theory and its components? How do the parts of the theory relate to each other? Does the theory “make sense” to you before you begin applying it to any specific client situation? This theory revolves around the concept of balance between the use of analgesics and their side effects for adult patients with moderate to severe pain (Good, 1998). It outlines the role of the nurse in administering pharmacological pain relief as well as non-pharmacological pain relief methods. The nurse also…

The chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is major problem and its incidence is increasing (1, 2), and most of those patients has the abacterial form (3, 4). The patients complaint from pain sensations in different regions, in the prostate, perineum, testes, suprapubic, groin, and back (5). These pain sensations may affect the quality of life of the patients which may be greater than pain itself (6, 7). Its cause is still unknown which may be previous infections, local chemical alterations, and…

STRATEGIES TO COMBAT THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF POLYPHARMACY AND THE ASSOCIATED NUTRITIONAL RISK Research suggested while polypharmacy, isn’t the only cause of nutritional risk in the elderly, it was shown to have a positive correlation with increased prevalence of nutritional risk. It therefore stood to reason if one reduces negative polypharmacy use, where medications dispensed have little to no added therapeutic value but rather precipitate additional symptoms, we can decrease the numbers of…

Epidural analgesia is commonly used to provide pain relief during labor. To convert epidural analgesia in labor for emergency cesarean section, a strong solution of local anesthetic is required aiming to achieve rapid and good quality of epidural anesthesia. Different solutions of local anesthetic are used for this reason. The optimum choice of local anaesthetic solution for achieving rapid and reliable epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section is still not clarified [1]. The solution used is…

General Facts: • Aspirin is an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid. It works by reducing substances in the body that cause pain. • Its scientific name for Aspirin is Acetylsalicylic Acid. • Another common name for Aspirin is ASA. • Its chemical formula is C9H8O4 . • It has a melting point of 136 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 140 degrees Celsius. • It's odorless, colorless and can be white powder. Historic background: • The origin of aspirin has evolved for the past centuries going…

tromethamine is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that exhibits analgesic activity in animal models. The mechanism of action of Ketorolac, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. The biological activity of Ketorolac tromethamine is associated with the S-form. Ketorolac tromethamine possesses no sedative or anxiolytic properties. The peak analgesic effect of Ketorolac tromethamine occurs within 2 to 3 hours.…