Analgesic

Normal Anatomy and Physiology Blood is one of the components that make up the circulatory system in the human body. Blood functions as a transport system for oxygen and nutrients with other systems dependent on it for oxygen perfusion and removal of waste materials. Blood has different components predominantly red blood cells (RBC also known as erythrocytes, “are the largest portion of blood cells” ranging between “4,200,000 – 6,100,000/mm3” and depended on age and gender in the body of a…

Pain has only been seriously considered as a diagnostic tool since the 1990s, when pain assessment scales were popularized as a “5th vital sign.” In the same decade, opioid painkillers, such as OxyContin, began to be marketed as a non-addictive alternative to heavy narcotics. The change in this approach toward understanding pain in medical practice, coupled with the rescheduling of prescription opioids, led Americans to a more comfortable relationship with pain medications. Two decades later,…

abolish the hypoalgesic effect of tramadol, particularly in opioid-sensitive tests. This study further supports previous studies on the role of M1 in tramadol’s analgesic properties, as well as the idea that other mechanisms are responsible for some of the hypoalgesia, indicating the effect of drug-drug interactions on tramadol’s analgesic effect. This study also showed higher plasma levels of the parent compounds (-) and (+) tramadol with concurrent paroxetine administration. Bupropion strongly…

Inductive Fallacies A. Lurch: “Why don’t you take an analgesic for your terrible headache, Fester?” Fester: “You know that nature’s way is best, Lurch. It’s not wise to interfere with Mother Nature.” Lurch: “So you are just going sit there and suffer?” Fester: “I’m going to let nature take its course because the natural way is obviously the best way.” This is the example of the “relativist fallacy”. Fester rejects a claim by asserting that the claim might be true for Lurch and for others, but…

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To find out the most effective dose of nalbuphine as adjuvant to spinal anaesthesia. To compare the three different doses and find out most optimum dose of nalbuphine with minimal side effects and maximum analgesic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted prospective randomized double blinded controlled study with 120 ASA I and II patients who were undergoing lowerlimb orthopedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia. We randomly allocated four groups A,B,C to receive 0.4, 0…

with active RA (49 females and 11 males) to investigate the effects of omega-3 on disease activity, remission of RA and reliance on analgesic drugs. Subjects participated in a 12-week, double blind, randomized placebo-controlled study and were followed every 4 weeks for three months to assess clinical and laboratory findings such as ESR, CRP, consumption of analgesic drugs, and duration of morning stiffness and pain. It was found that there was a decrease in morning stiffness in the omega-3…

the pharmacological need of their patients based on their brain activation patterns, as well as elucidate an analgesic drug’s mechanism of action and studying a drug’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles (Wartolowska and Tracey 2009). In line with this, a study published in 2007 demonstrated differences in brain activity if a drug was acting as an anti-hyperalgesic versus analgesic agent (Maihöfner, Ringler et al. 2007). Healthy volunteers treated with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors…

This is a clinical reflection constructed on my understandings whilst on my four-week placement in emergency department in Bankstown Hospital. This placement allowed me to put theory into practice. To keep the individuality and conserve confidentiality of the patient I selected to discuss him identified as ‘” David” this is accordance with the NMC code of professional conduct (2008). To promotion for covering reflection I will be using Gibbs (1988) reflective model. The organization of this…

low back pain, post-herpetic neuralgia. When is not malignant chronic pain was considered to be unresponsive to opioids, or the use of combination medicament with opioids. The narcotics as well their medical uses. The narcotics have effect as analgesic, sedation; and euphoria and dysphoria. Patients can develop tolerance and dependence to the narcotics. They are effective pain reliever, use in cough preparation and can induce sleep. The most common side effect on the user’s body of chronic…

1. What are the possible links between Mr. Can’s nutrition and his diagnosis? Mr. Can’s medical report indicates that he has poor nutrition which is revealed by his high body mass index of 26.7. Obesity increases the likelihood of being diagnose with Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC). Mr. Can had a past 20 year history of alcohol abuse, which may have contributed to his diagnosis of cirrhosis. In turn cirrhosis and hepatitis C are common causes of HCC. Depression on the other hand can lead to over…