Anal cancer

2.9.2.1. Coagulation Inhibitors Protein C plays crucial role in controlling anticoagulation and is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease (zymogen). Protein S (a vitamin K- dependent glycoprotein) acts as a cofactor for APC (activated protein C) [133]. Protein C and S slow the coagulation cascade with inactivating coagulation factors such as factor Va and VIIIa. Protein C and protein S are division of a feedback control mechanism, in which excess thrombin production causes protein C…

The second issue raised by several reports is that TRAM causes “serotonin toxicity”. A review of one such U.S. based primary study18 that reported a single case of serotonin toxicity after TRAM was used revealed that, TRAM was co-administered with other drugs (i.e., venlafaxine and mirtazapine)18. The study performed a causality assessment and reported that, serotonin syndrome was observed after adding Tramadol to the existing medication regime (of venlafaxine and mirtazapine). Based on the…

In an effort to update current classification systems and to highlight the potential of endoscopic resections in the management of JNA, the authors propose a new staging system.This system attempts to incorporate new observations of proposed sites of origin and spread, potential areas of recurrence and new multi-corridor therapeutic strategies. Author’s staging system is based on analysis of 242 JNA patients treated at our center for the period of 9 years. This classification system is derived…

evaluated as an indicator of normal biological process, pathogenic process, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention (Biomarkers Definitions Working, 2001). Although great efforts have been made in the last decade to discover novel cancer biomarkers for use in clinical practice, a striking number of these efforts fail to make it into the clinic (Fuzery, Levin, Chan, & Chan, 2013). One of the causes of this failure of translation could be the limited knowledge that scientists…

similar to a type of cancer known as leukemia. The condition is diagnosed by several tests that include blood tests which shows the levels of the white blood cells, red blood cells and the platelet count, and finally a bone marrow biopsy is done to confirm the diagnosis. This condition was once considered incurable, but now with the proper treatment, it is curable and many live a normal healthy life afterwards The condition aplastic anemia has similar symptoms to the type of cancer leukemia.…

When I was in the sixth grade, my maternal grandfather was diagnosed with Multiple Myeloma, a type of cancer that was not familiar to me but I knew it was serious. Even as a sixth grader, I knew that cancer was a typically used to describe a disease that could turn fatal. My family learned that the cancer would not end his life and he could lead a fairly normal existence, which he did to the fullest with the exception of monthly doctor visits and the occasional surgeries. As I matured, I was…

commonly used pain assessment tools in oncology patients and nurses role in pain management. Introduction Cancer constitutes an enormous burden worldwide that is expected increase due to the growth and aging of the population and because of the adoption of behaviours and lifestyle factors known to cause cancer. Every year at least 30,000 people are reported of suffering from cancer. Pain due to cancer is one of the most distressing symptom experienced by the patient at some or the other time…

Obesity a growing issue in America Obesity is a serious health issue that is weighing down America. What is obesity? According to the CDC obesity is defined as excessive amount of body fat. More the one third of the U.S population is obese. The recent prevalence for obesity it that people are ingesting more calories and becoming less physically active. Obesity increases the risk of health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. Along with adult’s children are at a…

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor with a growing burden in the United States with increasing prevalence. It is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and second highest in terms of mortality, with one million cancer deaths yearly. A variety of risk factors contribute to HCC, including hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, cirrhosis of any cause including environmental toxins, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,…

There have been many developments in cancer over the last few decades, but unfortunately, even the best treatment might not work. Growing up, I experienced many family members battle cancer. Both of my uncles were recently diagnosed, and after countless trips to the hospital, my uncle Jamie passed away. My other uncle, Jimmy, moved in with us shortly after. My family and I continue to take care of him and support him throughout the battle he is rigorously fighting. Jimmy was diagnosed with…