Amyloid

Alzheimer 's Disease Alzheimer’s disease is not a new disease. “Alzheimer’s” was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906. Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive disorder involving neural degeneration in the cortex that slowly destroys the memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out activities of daily living (Karch, 2013). In most people with Alzheimer’s, symptoms first appear in their mid-60, and accounts for…

permanent treatment identified for this disease. There are several hypotheses stated for the occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease. Major hypothesis is Amyloid beta hypothesis; which states that the accumulation of amyloid beta protein in the brain tissue predominantly cause the Alzheimer’s disease. The two papers discuss about research based on the Amyloid beta hypothesis. The first paper talks about the biomarker changes in autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s…

M., Kokjohn, T. A., et al. (2013). Bapineuzumab alters aβ composition: implications for the amyloid cascade hypothesis and anti-amyloid immunotherapy. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59735. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059735 The neurological changes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) heavily support the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Bapineuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the N-terminal region of amyloid-B (Aβ) peptides. Three test subjects were treated with bapineuzumab to evaluate their changes in…

(Siest et al., 1995). ApoE3 influences the clearance of amyloid-B peptides, therefore preventing amyloid-B peptide deposits (Mahley and Rall, 2000). Nevertheless, the ApoE4 is one of the dysfunctional isoforms of the protein and can evidently increase one’s susceptibility to late-onset of Alzheimer’s disease. One of the first evidences…

gave it a name, Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Alzheimer, 1906; Kraepelin, 1910). Thereafter, a number of histochemical techniques have been brought with time to study amyloids. The advent of various staining methods formulated basic techniques, which have been used since then, to stain various kinds of biological and non-biological amyloids (Bennhold, 1922; Divry, 1927; Missmahl and Hartwig, 1953; Saeed and Fine, 1967; Wagner,…

genes that make for the cell to grow and mature. The specific role, presenilin is known for, is processing the amyloid precursor protein. The amyloid precursor protein is found in the brain and some tissues. Presenilin gets with enzymes to cut amyloid precursor into segments. Segments that are created throughout the process are known as soluble amyloid precursor protein (SAPP) and amyloid beta peptide. The segment, SAPP is the protein that relates to growth and deals with…

It processed that the mutations in the genes encoding Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), Presenilin I (PSI) and Presenilin II (PSII) which are linked to AD suggested that Aβ peptide is the major initiator of the development of AD. It stated that the deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) was the initial pathological event in Alzheimer’s disease resulting to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques…

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder characterised by a progressive dementia which appears around mid to late life (McKhann et al., 1984). Alzheimer’s disease was first reported in 1909 by Alois Alzheimer as a “peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex” (Hippius and Neundörfer, 2003). He noted that the disease consisted of “distinctive plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain histology” (ibid, 2003). Now the disease is estimated to effect 44.35…

neuritic (senile) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid angiopathy (Grossman & Porth, 2014). The neuritic plaques are patches or flat areas composed of clusters of degenerating nerve terminals arranged around a central amyloid core. The amyloid core has a dominant component called amyloid beta, a peptide derived from the proteolysis of a larger membrane-spanning amyloid precursor protein (APP). There are numerous studies that proved amyloid beta has an important role in the…

of PSEN2 Gene is to process proteins that transmit chemical proteins from the cell membrane into the nucleus. From there they can activate genes, critical to cell growth and maturation (What is the normal function of the PSEN2 gene ). Processing amyloid precursor protein is also one of the main functions of PSEN2. This protein is found in the brain and other tissues. Changes in the Presenilin 2 gene can lead to problems and health conditions. The disease discovered is Alzheimer’s disease. This…