Alternative energy

transducer. The sensing capability of a PZT patch is utilized in sensing conductance to monitor health of a structure. Key features include low cost, small size, dynamic performance, and fast response, long range of linearity, long term stability, and high energy conversion efficiency. PZT patches of any shape, size or thickness can be manufactured at a relatively low cost and it can be used over a wide range of pressures without serious non-linearity. Since it is characterised by a high elastic…

A water jet cutter, commonly called a water jet, is a tool that uses a very high-pressure jet of water or a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut a wide variety of materials. A water jet that does not use abrasives is referred to as a pure water jet or water-only cutting [1]. For a pure water jet (Figure 1) the water is pressurized to the range of 20 - 94 ksi, 138 - 649 MPa at the inlet and forced through an orifice with a diameter of between 0.25 - 4 mm creating a very thin high velocity…

BATTERY BANK THE CHEMISTRY According to (Wikipedia, 2016), the deep-cycle battery is a type of lead-acid battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using the majority of its capacity (45% - 75% depending on manufacturing and construction). These batteries are able to be cycled down to 20% charge, but the best cost vs lifespan method is to keep the average cycle at approximately 45% discharge. There is an indirect correlation between the number of charge and discharge cycles the battery…

two relaxation times are introduced in constitutive equations. Green and Naghdi (1993) proposed a thermoelasticity without energy dissipation. Here, the Fourier’s law is replaced by a heat flux rate-temperature gradient relation. Hetnarski and Ignackzak (1996) introduced a low temperature thermo elasticity. In this model, in comparison to the classical theory, the free energy and the heat flux both depend on the temperature and the strain tensor, and also on the elastic heat flow that satisfies…

Description of the proposed heat release rate model. The cylinder gas is considered as a spatially homogeneous thermodynamic system occupying in a single zone for the compression, expansion, intake, exhaust processes and two zones (burned and unburned zone) for the combustion process. The instantaneous composition of cylinder gases are obtained from the mass fraction of fuel burned. The instantaneous thermodynamic properties are computed by the established equations [20-21, 28]. The…

Investigation Hooke’s Law AIM: To investigate how a spring behaves when a force of load stretches it. To figure out the relationship between the loads added to spring and the extension of spring. HYPOTHESIS: I think that as the load added to spring increases, the extension of the spring will increase. The relationship between them will be directly proportional. The formula of these two variables might be F=kx. F stands for the load added to spring, k is spring constant and x stands for…

Velocity and Beam diameter. The observations of the model can be summarized as below: As Laser Power increases the LAZ Depth of workpiece surface will also increase. This is because the heat input to the workpiece is increasing due to increase in Energy Density. As the Scan Velocity decreases the temperature on workpiece surface will increase. This is because with the decrease in Scan Velocity, the Power Density increases, those results in more heat input. As the Beam diameter decreases…

Ferroelectricity Among the ferroelectric materials, the static dielectric constant depends on the temperature under the relation: Curie – Weiss relation: €r = P + Q/ (T-Tc), (T> Tc), P, Q are constants temperature independent. C = Curie constant Tc = Curie temperature A transition in phase is observed at temperature Tc. Above this, the material remains in Paraelectric phase (the phase where the elementary dipoles of different crystal unit cells are…

If your AC starts blowing hot air it may be due to the fact that it is freezing up. The coil is an important part of cooling your house up. The coils works by taking the warm air from your home and releasing them outside. If the coils in your AC unit become too cold they can freeze up. When your coils are frozen the ice can cause blockages, this results in you AC unit to run without cooling the home, whilst using a lot more electricity than usual. Why Do the Coils Continually Freeze Up? One…

Potential energy plays a big roll in a rollercoasters. All rollercoasters have the highest point or lowest point where the cart is at rest but either low or high. That is where potential energy is. Potential energy is the energy which results in position. Usually the most potential energy in a roller coaster is when it is about to start. The way that this type of energy is calculated and measured in P=MGH. M, being Mass, G being Gravity,…