Alpha particle

Resulting in less mass than the atomic number. Rutherford suggested an idea that there could be particle with mass, but no charge; he called it a neutron. Chadwick conducted experiments in Europe, he used for tracking the particle radiation. He repeated his experiments hopefully looking for a neutral particle. One with the same mass as a proton, but with no charge. James’s experiments were successful; he was able to determine that the mass of the neutral…

Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) is inspired by grey wolves. The leadership hierarchy and hunting mechanism of grey wolves is mimicked by GWO algorithm. GWO employs four types of grey wolves such as alpha, beta, delta, and omega. GWO consists of three main steps of hunting, searching for prey. Encircling prey, and attacking prey [38]. GWO is benchmarked on many challenging test problems and applied to some real engineering problems. The results reveal that GWO is able to provide very competitive…

atomic theory. Today the atomic theory states that all matter is comprised of tiny particles called atoms, that atoms of the same element are all identical in mass and properties and cannot be created or destroyed, and that compounds are…

his interest for the atom is the way that he worked as a research student under JJ Thomson. His work on the molecule Rutherford preformed an experiment that disproved his tutor, JJ Thomson's plum-pudding model. This experiment had to do with alpha particles and what made them diffuse into different directions sometimes.…

mechanism of the symmetry change for the FePO4 polymorphs. The cell parameters and volume of the alpha phase increase markedly and non-linearly as a function of temperature. The volume data were fitted to a cubic polynomial as for the alpha quartz. The expression was obtained for the thermal expansion coefficient: alpha (K inverse) = 2.924 x 10^-5 +2.920x10^-10 (T-300)^2. Thermal expansion is lower than alpha quartz and beta quartz. The principal contribution to the thermal expansion arises from…

Fission was used in the original atomic bombs, and fusion is most commonly used today. This is due to the fact that the amount of energy that can be released from fission is limited, whereas fusion can theoretically release an unlimited amount of energy. Fusion is the same type of reaction that occurs on stars, thus obviously very powerful. Fusion occurs when two atoms are “fused” together and release a stray neutron. Thermonuclear bombs are much more powerful, and produce significantly greater…

(genes), including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This is a rare condition in which your body may not be able to make enough of a protein (alpha-1 antitrypsin) that helps protect the lungs from damage. This uncommon, inherited disorder increases the risk of lung and liver disease. People who have this disorder and who smoke generally start to have symptoms of emphysema in their 30s or 40s. Those who have this disorder but don't smoke generally start to have symptoms in their 80s. Alpha-1 can…

The Atomic Theory The atomic theory serves as the basic foundation for the study of matter; it is of major importance to the study of Chemistry. The atomic theory has an interesting and lengthy history that shall be discussed. Furthermore, it has been perfected and discussed by many chemists over a number of years; all of their brilliant minds put together into one. There have been drastic changes to the atomic structure in modern times, proving we still do not know everything. Technology…

Activity measures how much radiation a substance gives off and is measured in Becquerel which counts the number of particles emitted by a source per second. Radiation in relation to exposure is expressed through absorbed dose which is measured in joules of energy per kilogram of tissue in grays (Gy). The effects of the exposed amount of radiation depend on the weighting…

Bismuth is the 83rd chemical in the periodic table. It is found as a natural metal on the surface of the earth. Bi has a ground state electronic configuration of [Xe]4f145d106s26p3 and trivalent and pentavalent Bi, Bi(III) and Bi(V), respectively, are the two predominant oxidation states. [27] It was discovered over a thousand years ago but was often confused with tin and lead. It is a prevalent post transition metal, which chemically resembles arsenic or antimony. Bismuth is the most naturally…