Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

The respiratory system is accountable for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide which is found in the body. Diseases and conditions of the respiratory system are divided into two categories: viruses or bacteria and chronic (Zimmermann, 2014). Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Emphysema progressively damages the air sacs known as the alveoli, which causes shortness of breath. The alveoli in a healthy individual are clustered together. With emphysema,…

Organ Transplants Doctors have been performing organ transplants since the year 1954. Organ transplantation is a very difficult task and requires a lot of training, skill, and patience. The first recorded organ transplant was performed on December 23, 1954, it was performed on twin brothers, Ronald and Richard Herrick. The doctor that performed this surgery was Dr. Joseph Murray. He was the Nobel winner for performing the first ever kidney transplant, and he died at the age of 93. Since then…

People are diagnosed every year with diseases that affect the respiratory system. One specific disease that can affect the respiratory system is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; commonly referred to as COPD. Currently over “64 million people have COPD and it is the third leading cause of death worldwide” (WHO, 2013). Several factors cause the disease and symptoms are hard to detect in earlier stages. COPD can shorten a person’s life span and cause immeasurable physical disabilities, as…

Treatment of High BP of the National Institute of Health defines a BP of less than 120/80 mm Hg as normal, BP 120-139/80-89 mm Hg as prehypertension and BP of 140/90 mm Hg or higher as hypertension. Hypertension is further classified as stage 1 or stage 2. Stage 1 hypertension occurs when the systolic pressure is 140-159 mm Hg or greater and/or the diastolic pressure is 90-99 mm Hg or greater. Stage 2 hypertension occurs when the systolic pressure is 160 mm Hg or higher, or the diastolic…

by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) impedes successful transplant tolerance. On the other hand, TLR signalling and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) polymorphisms were also found linked to allograft rejection and development of acute rejection.1 Moreover, immunosuppression on specialized cell-mediated immunity that equipped with TLRs and PRRs attenuate immune responses to toxins and infections. Patients suffer from rejection or infection often accompanied with clinical manifestation such…