Alkyl

When people think of steroids, they think of anabolic steroids only - steroids that enhance muscle growth, made famous by bodybuilders and athletes who used them to get an edge on their competitors. However, these are far from the only type of steroids. A steroid is defined as a molecule with 4 carbon rings, 3 rings with 6 carbons and 1 with 5 carbons. They can include hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins. Estrogen, progesterone, cholesterol and vitamin D are all examples of steroids. They’re not…

In this experiment, a series of reactions was performed in order to synthesize 6-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-diphenyl-2-cyclohexenone, an a,b-unsaturated ketone. The two reactions performed in order to obtain this product were a Michael addition reaction and an Aldol condensation reaction. During this experiment, the reaction solution underwent several changes. Originally, the initial solution was light yellow and transparent. Once heated, the appearance of the reaction solution became bright yellow.…

IONIC LIQUIDS Introduction:- Ionic liquids are actually salts that are liquid in state, normally referred to compounds that have melting point below an arbitrary temperature i.e. 100° C. Unlike some other ordinary liquids like water and gasoline, that are composed of neutral species while ionic liquids are composed of ionic species and ionic intermediates commonly known as “ionic fluids” and “liquid electrolytes”. In ionic liquids there is a species that has a delocalized species and the other…

Gathered from the data, it seems that commercial products are more effective than natural remedies; natural remedies made little if no contribution in inhibiting bacteria. This result however, does not signify that natural remedies are inadequate at inhibiting bacteria. It reflects that natural remedies are ineffective in inhibiting gram-positive bacteria. First natural product: Saliva for instance, is one of the body’s many defence mechanisms. Its main function is to prevent adhesion of…

acids which include an acyl group bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to another molecule the only difference is that carboxylic acids are bonded to hydrogen atoms (acyl group bonded to an –OH) while esters are bonded to an alkyl group(acyl bonded to a oxygen bonded to an alkyl group). (Refer to figures 1&2 for comparison) Fig. 1 structure of a carboxylic acid ester Fig. 2 structure of a carboxylic acid Esters exist almost everywhere. They occur in nature in fats and are…

Schiff Bases: Schiff bases are amongst the important class of drugs containing imine or azoethine (-C=N-) moiety,have been obtained by the condensation of primary amines and carbonyl compounds.It was first time presented by the Hugo schiff (Cimerman et al, 2000). Schiff bases are one of the most important class of organic drugs widely used in variety of different fields such as analytical, biological, and inorganic chemistry.The schiff bases heve been designed to synthesize more and more novel…

A chemically-preserved oral antihistaminic suspension based on fexofenadine as an active pharmaceutical ingredient and preserved with aminobenzoic acid esters (parabens) was found contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia). This finding was detected only after six months from manufacturing. The bacterial count increased from 10, after six months, to 1475 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml after nine months. The organism constituted continually increasing the hazard to the users long after…

Assignment: Chemistry of Magnesium and Silicon Magnesium Properties Magnesium is a group is a group 2 element with the symbol, Mg, an atomic number of 12 and has a molar mass of 24.31 [1]. It is made up of 12 protons, 12 neutrons, and 12 electrons. It’s electron configuration is 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2 this given as noble gas configuration is [Ne]3s2. It has a melting point of 650 °C and a boiling point of 1090 °C [2]. It has a metallic radius of 150 pm, a coordination number of 72(6), and a density of…

5. Dwivedi, et al., (2008) described that the Synthesis of 11-substituted estradiol derivatives (12–17) has been approved out by the Grignard reaction with alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides on 17b-hydroxy-3-methoxy-11-oxo-estra-1,3,5(10),8(9)-tetraene (10). The novel compounds (10 and 12–17) were appraised for their preliminary post-coital contraceptive (anti-implantation) activity in Sprague–Dawley rats. The tested compounds were managed orally and exhibited noteworthy anti-implantation activity…

 Comment: The three bonds (one solid line, one wedged line and one dashed line) that are attached to the + carbon atom are turned inside out. If the starting material has Br on the right side of the + carbon atom, the final product will have OH on the left side of the + carbon atom and vice versa.  Comment: There is only one hump for the energy profile of an SN2 reaction. As we shall see later, there are two humps for the energy profile of an SN1 reaction. One easy way to…