Alkyl

Human health effects caused by DINP Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is a phthalate ester that is commonly used as a plasticizer to make softness and flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, such as children’s toys. There are many health effects of DINP migrating from children’s toys during mouthing activities. Some concerns are on the kidney and liver, it causes decrease in body weight, an increase in liver weight and and changes in hypertrophy. If toys find their way into children’s…

The 1H NMR data strongly suggests that 3-pentanol was produced. On the 1H NMR, there are a total of 12H, which is the correct number of protons on 3-pentanol. Around 3.45ppm, there is a multiplet with an integration of 1. This peak corresponds to the methine proton on the carbon bearing the alcohol. The integration of 1 is correct since there is only one proton on that carbon. This proton has 5 neighboring protons, and is expected to be a multiplet (doublet of triples, or a triple of doublets).…

Soap and Detergent Soap and Detergent are the cornerstones of human cleanliness. Soap is, “a substance used with water for washing and cleaning, made of a compound of natural oils or fats with sodium hydroxide or another strong alkali, and typically having perfume and coloring added”( Soap 2018 ). Detergent is, “ a water-soluble cleansing agent that combines with impurities and dirt to make them more soluble and differs from soap in not forming a scum with the salts in hard water” ( Detergent…

In the first step of the experiment, m-toluic acid reacted with thionyl chloride to form the acid chloride derivative of m-toluic acid. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid is first converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate, replacing the –OH of the acid with a better leaving group. The acyl chlorosulfite then reacts with a nucleophilic chloride ion, at which point the chlorosulfite leaves in the form of sulfur dioxide and chloride ion. The remaining acid chloride then reacts with…

In the last years, it has read that the electron transfers have relations with many processes, such us the photosynthesis (biology), organic synthesis (organic chemistry) or charge-transfer complexes (inorganic chemistry). It is important to know that most of the electron transfer occurs due to the metals, metals complexes and organometallic compounds. In this chapter a review of earlier electron donors and the different electron transfer will be developed. 1.1 Organic electron donors Since the…

This experiment was performed in order to demonstrate the principles of nitration through electrophilic aromatic substitution. It also examined the effects of bromine on an aromatic ring, ortho-para vs. meso directing. The second experiment was performed to compare the reaction rates of electrophilic aromatic bromination with different arenes. Data and Results In the gas chromatogram, there are two large peaks. The first peak at 0.653 minutes with an area of 133,352 uV per second, 31.95% of…

fatty acids via two mechanisms, alpha and beta-oxidation. Beta-oxidation pertains to longer fatty acid chain metabolism that produces acetyl groups and hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct (Harvey Lodish et al. 2004). Peroxisomal matrix enzymes such as alkyl-glycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) take part in catalyzing the production of the plasmalogen lipids which are found in cell membranes throughout human tissue types likely to serve as protection to cells from oxidative harm. Alpha-oxidation is…

and Friedel-Crafts Acylation. Both of these types of reactions involve electrophilic aromatic substitution and are work with deactivated rings (Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, 2010). In Friedel-Crafts Alkylation there is usually a secondary or tertiary alkyl halide (Cl) and a Lewis acid (AlCl3). The purpose of the Lewis acid is to create a carbocation, which is the electrophile. After the aromatic ring attacks the electrophile and the two bond the removed chloride atom then removes a proton from…

rapid extinguish and restraint flames, nonetheless narrow fire security. Such synthetic foam is known as aqueous film forming foams. Aqueous film forming foams are water based and commonly comprise of hydrocarbon based surfactant such as sodium alkyl sulfate, and fluorosurfactant, such as fluorotelomers, perfluorooctanoic acid, or perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (Klaus, 2013). All having the capability to extend fully over the surface of hydrocarbon based liquids. Alcohol resistant aqueous film…

Experiment 5 Title: Mayonnaise production Objective: To determine the type of food emulsion obtained by varying the mixture sequence Introduction: A most important field of emulsion technology is that involving food preparations. Some of the oldest emulsions known to man, for example, butter, salad dressings and so on are included in this group, while the applications of emulsion theory to the baking process and to therapeutic feeding represent modern developments. Probably the most instructive…