Alkaloid

Order Hymenoptera, the third-largest order of insects, comprises the sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 species are recognized (Janke 2), with many more remaining to be described. Many factors have led to this order’s success, through the development of wings, their immense range of behavioral adaptation, and namely: their highly complex ways of self-defense, mainly those of the biochemical and morphological nature. From the famous “cow-killer” to the range of stings of the Vespidae,…

2). HEROIN: Heroin is formed by conversion of morphine which does not require complex equipmentation but more elaborate chemical operation under which morphine is refluxed with acetic anhydride for about 5 hours results into the formation of Diacetyl morphine, i.e., heroin. It is seperated when the solution gets neutralize with sodium carbonate or washing soda in which heroin gets separated as a precipitate. It is collected and purified by treating it with hydrochloric acid by which Heroin…

Atropine is classified as a muscarinic anticholinergic parasympatholytic. Atropine comes from a plant called Atropa Belladonna and is one of several drugs classified as a belladonna alkaloids. It selectively blocks muscarinic receptors that inhibit parasympathetic stimulation and it can be absorbed by both enteral and parenteral routes. It is a medication that is distributed in most body tissues. Atropine is a drug that is metabolized in the liver and is normally eliminated in urine in 24 hrs.…

improvement after first dose do not take second dose Triptans zolmitriptan Zomig Do not exceed recommended dosage; if no improvement after first dose do not take second dose Ergot alkaloids dihydroergotamine mesylate D.H.E., Migranal Do not exceed recommended dosage; do not assemble sprayer until ready to use (Migranal) Ergot alkaloids ergotamine tartrate Ergomar Do not exceed recommended dosage Opioid analgesics butorphanol Stadol May cause drowsiness; may impair ability to drive; avoid…

Alzheimer’s disease affects more than 15 million individuals worldwide from mild to severe. (Lilienfeld, 2006). It is a progressive and irreversible disease that leads to full dependency on a caretaker due to the decline in cognitive function and ability to perform daily tasks (Richarz, Gaudig, Rettig, & Schauble, 2014). Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia and normally occurs within individuals 60 years of age or older (Lilienfeld, 2006). Every twenty years the number of…

it’s really quite simple to answer how we know a sour taste from a sweet taste—the physical reaction to sour foods, like lemons or spoiled milk, has much to do with an early genetic mutation that selected for an expansive autonomic reaction to alkaloids, which are more often than not quite poisonous.1 The actual step-action sequence of events involved with the pucker and gag reflex are likewise expressible in terms of anatomical movement. But…

commonly known as Cocaine or Coke. Discovery of Cocaine When the Spanish arrived in South America, they discovered that coca leafs that the aboriginals chewed on gave them strength and energy. Hence they legalized and taxed the leaves. The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in 1855. Medical uses In 1879, Vassili von Anrep demonstrated that cocaine has analgesic properties. In 1884, Karl Koller demonstrated that cocaine can be used as an analgesic for…

Due to its miniscule size and the fact Claviceps purpurea is an unknown to these people, many commoners that consumed the bakery products made from the flour that was recently made became very ill and fell into the hands of Ergot of rye poisoning, a disease given the nickname back then “holy fire" or "St. Anthony’s fire (Schumann 2016). While ergot poisoning is no longer a concern to us due to the cleansing process harvested grain must undergo through to remove any such parasites or anything…

What is Huperzine A? Huperzine A is a purified alkaloid substance extracted from the Chinese club moss plant called huperzia serrata. The club moss is a primitive, vascular plant found in the subtropical regions of southern China. The scientific name for Huperzine A is Lycopodium Serratum Thumb. Club Moss, Qian Ceng Ta, Shi Song, Chien Tseng Ta, Jin Bu Buan, and Selagine are alternative common names used to define Huperzine A. Huperzine A is a natural compound extract accredited with having a…

GULF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY General Pharmacognosy Assignment – Bupleurum chinense Reg. no: 2014ph22 Name: Aya Dzhakha Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. Introduction to Bupleurum chinense: 1. General information: 1. Biological source. 2. Synonyms. 3. Geographical source. 2. Morphology. 3. Active constituents. 4. Therapeutic uses. 5. Other reported information: 1. Toxicity and safety…