Alkaloid

In the United States individuals die every day due to heroin overdose. Heroin can be practically found anywhere nowadays, and the use and effects of it can cause serious consequence to a person’s health. Heroin is derived from morphine alkaloid which is found in opium and is approximately 2-3 times more potent (Drugs.com, 2015). Heroin in many cases is a white powdery substance. In other cases is has been seen as a black sticky substance known as “black tar heroin.” (National Institute on Drug…

Negative Effects of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) The GMOs (Genetically modified organisms) are defined by WHO (World Health Organization) as the organisms which are altered genetically (DNA) in a manner that does not happen naturally, and that is done to confer to the desirable features. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are formed by transferring a gene from one species to another, establishing something that does not happen naturally. A big portion of domestic crops contain DNA…

Introduction Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in adults, affecting approximately 1% of the general population. It is formally classified as neuronal misfiring in the mesial temporal lobes causing spontaneous, recurring seizures. In this review, I will investigate how the use of optogenetics in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) reduces seizures and how it can help us understand the cell types and neuronal circuits that underlie seizure generation. The significance of the…

Organic Acids An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties. The most common organic acids are the carboxylic acids, whose acidity is associated with their carboxyl group –COOH. Sulfonic acids, containing the group –SO2OH, are relatively stronger acids. Alcohols, with –OH, can act as acids but they are usually very weak. In general, organic acids are weak acids and do not dissociate completely in water, whereas the strong mineral acids do. Lower molecular mass organic acids such…

Anesthesiology is a necessity in surgery. Anesthesia is a medicine that is used in most cases to paralyze or numb a patient that is undergoing surgery. The medicine is used on patients while under surgery to help them not feel the pain from the type of procedure being done at the time, also so they aren’t aware and helps ease their worries while under. Are there other Anesthetic alternatives that result in a better and faster recovery other than the normal General Anesthesia? On average 1 to 2…

Nicotiana tabacum [15]. Silencing of ADC, which converts arginine to putrescine and ODC which converts ornithine to putrescine also produced low nicotine plants with increased levels of anatabine in Nicotiana tabacum [16, 17]. Anatabine is a toxic alkaloid derived from nicotinic acid and is a cholinergic agonist. MS, ESI spectra of the low nicotine RNAi plants in positive and negative mode did not show accumulation of anatabine. Instead, we report for the first time that reduction of nicotine…

Question 4 Answer: Smoking damages the whole body, but for this answer, I am going to focus on smoking and the changes to our respiratory tract, skin blood vessels and antioxidant levels. Respiratory tract: “(1) Nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles, which decreases airflow into and out of the lungs. (2) Carbon monoxide in smoke binds to hemoglobin and reduces its oxygen-carrying capability. (3) Irritants in smoke cause increased mucus secretion by the mucosa of the bronchial tree and…

Chocolate, a food made out of roasted and ground cacao mostly seen in a liquid or solid block form, is an all time favorite sweet. Theobroma Cacao has been a native tree to Latin American countries way before Columbus set foot in the new world. During the Mayan and Aztec Empire, cacao beans weren 't used as food but as currency and a bitter drink. Around 1519, an unknown Spaniard mixed sugar and cacao together creating the sweet chocolate flavor we know. The process of making…

INTRODUCTION Cancer can be defined as a special kind of illness that occurs when the cells in a given part of a body begin to grow out of proportion than is normal. Currently, in the United States, this disease is the second leading cause of deaths. Human beings over the history have had tumors and remedies have been implemented, and others continue to be performed and studied over time (American Cancer Society, 2010). These methods of treatment include chemo-preventive methods and of late…

2.1 Test materials: The essential oils of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes, Pogostemon heyneanus (Lamiaceae) leaves and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) fruits were obtained from a commercial oil extraction plant in Assam, India. DMP was supplied by High Purity chemicals, New Delhi, India while DEPA was obtained from Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Four concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 30%) of the essential oils, their mixtures, DEPA and DMP were prepared in…