Alkaloid

Extraction of Caffeine from Tealeaves Rosheen Villaraza, Dana Young, Dana Yu*, and Ray Zafra Department of Biological Studies, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract Experiment 3 highlights the separation of caffeine from tea leaves and using chromatography for testing its purity. Extraction is a method of separating the desired from the undesired substance in a mixture through the solubility properties of the substances. In the experimental extraction, Camellia sinensis was…

St John’s Wort is a herb and its flowers and leaves are used to make medicine. It is most commonly used to treat mild to moderate depression and other symptoms that can sometimes go along with it, such as anxiety, tiredness, loss of appetite and trouble sleeping. Other conditions that St. John’s Wort has been used for are heart palpitations, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menopause, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and seasonal affective…

smoking is associated with respiratory symptoms and changes on lung function (Caplan). The smoke from a marijuana cigarette is similar to smoke from a tobacco cigarette qualitatively, with the exception of the content of cannabinoids and tobacco alkaloids. They differ quantitatively in the concentrations of individual carcinogens; marijuana smoke contains about fifty percent more of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco cigarettes do. Bronchoalveolar lavage, a medical procedure where…

Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant that directly affects the brain and the central nervous system. Many users are unaware of the psychological effects that cocaine has on the brain. The user is mainly worried about using the drug and getting “high” and not the effects that the drug has on their body and brain. Cocaine is a psychoactive drug affecting the central nervous system. Cocaine eats away chunks of the brain and increases blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature, often…

Identification and characterization of differentially expressed gene(s) in pigeonpea genotypes in response to Helicoverpa armigera infestation Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.)millspaugh] is an important food legume predominantly cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa almost exclusively as a rainfed crop. It is a diploid (2n = 22), often cross-pollinated crop with a genome size of 833.07 Mbp (Varshney et al., 2012). Globally, it is cultivated on an area of 4.92 M ha…

Iboga Tabernanthe Iboga: an unassuming shrub found in western Central African that bears white flowers and yellow fruit. Ingest a small amount and you'd get a pleasant stimulating aphrodisiac effect, ingest significantly more, and you'd be sent on a visionary trip described as more intense than any other psychedelic known to man. The Bwiti cult in Africa has been using Iboga as the central practice of their religion for hundreds and thousands of years. Ibogaine is the tryptamine…

A brisk walk in the Botanic gardens before breakfast stimulates the mind for a good murder. Tony Malkovich returned from his stroll. He sat back into his chair by the open fire and rubbed his temples with his thumbs, damn these persistent headaches. There was a soft knock on the door.‘Come’, he called.Mrs Fergus wheeled a trolley into the room. ‘G’d morn there, Mr Malkovich.’ She said. ‘The kedgeree is piping hot and I’ve buttered the toast for ye’.’ She lifted the plates and dishes onto the…

Caffeine is normally found in coffee, tea, sodas and chocolates. However, caffeine supplements are also available in pill form. Once caffeine is consumed it is absorbed into the body through the stomachs lining and circulated in the bloodstream. Its effects usually take place within an hour of being used but factors such as age, weight, and other drugs can alter its results. Once absorbed it becomes dispersed throughout the body mainly affecting the brain stem, which unites with the central…

1. Neurogenesis and memory 1.1. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus The hippocampus is a brain region that responsible for learning, memory and mood. One of the important reasons for memory and mood dysfunction is the dentate gyrus (DG) reduction [12, 13]. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of neural progenitor cells generated neurons and glia in adulthood and during adulthood [14]. Neurogenesis also have a role in mood regulation; the dorsal hippocampus is an…

Introduction Tobacco use is one of the major threats to human health which kills nearly 6 million people each year with an estimated 8 million deaths in the year 2030. More than 2,500 chemicals are found in tobacco and its smoke, among which terpenoids and alkaloids are the major groups [1]. Though there is clinical uncertainty about the carcinogenic property of nicotine, evidences have proved nicotine as the main psychoactive agent responsible for the development of tobacco dependence [2, 3].…