Aldosterone

Normal standards for specific gravity are as typically as follows: 1.000 to 1.030 is a normal specific gravity, 1.001 after drinking excessive amounts of water, more than 1.030 after not drinking very many fluids and concentrated after receiving an antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Max’s urine concentration varied in concentration each time he was tested. The first test showed that his urine was a pale yellow which was an indication that he was hydrated. The second test showed the concentration to be…

What is Heart Failure? According to MayoClinic.Org,” Heart failure, sometimes referred to as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.” Web. . January 12, 2016 There are contributing factors that can lead to heart failure such as coronary artery disease,…

hypochloraemia with a chloride level of 64mmol/L and low total CO2 of 19mmol/L. Hyponatremia is the most common initial laboratory finding as cortisol has weak mineralocorticoid activity and it is also required for free water excretion. A loss of aldosterone activity also leads to natriuresis (Munir & Waseem, 2017). Significant high results from the initial sample showed hyperkalaemia with a potassium level of 7.5mmol/L, hypercalcemia with a total calcium level of 2.74mmol/L which was also…

This is a case study of a 76 year old female patient who is suffering from congestive cardiac failure. She has past medical history of hypertension, chronic renal failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. She has been admitted in hospital several times recently and she was discharged 11 days ago from emergency department. Now she is suffering from dyspnoea and she feels like she can not catch her breath due to congestion of lungs. Her lower limbs feel like tree trunk due to oedema.…

Aldosteron regulate the potassium and sodium level by increasing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys and it also causes excretion of potassium through the kidneys. Besides, aldosterol regulates the blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver and help to maintain a normal glucose concentration of the blood. It also stimulates lipolysis throughtout the body. Cortisol depresses the immune response and also decrease the…

Hypertension is a heterogeneous disorder that may result either from a specific cause (secondary hypertension) or from an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of unknown etiology (primary or essential hypertension). Secondary hypertension accounts for fewer than 10% of cases, and most of these are caused by chronic kidney disease or renovascular disease. Other conditions causing secondary hypertension include pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, primary…

The force in the arteries when blood pumped by the heart hits the walls of arteries is known as blood pressure . When the heart contracts,the highest pressure in the arteries is known as the systolic pressure . Whereas , the lowest pressure in the arteries in between two heart beats is referred to as diastolic pressure . A normal individual would have a blood pressure of below 120/80 mmHg. High blood pressure or otherwise known as hypertension is a condition when the force in the arteries are…

intima and media, which can cause pain or tingling in the extremities. Furthermore, other areas of the body that undergo damage due to hypertension include the kidney, brain, heart, extremities and eyes. The changes in the kidney involve renin and aldosterone stimulation caused by the reduction in blood flow, ultimately leading to the retention of sodium and water thus contributing to an increase in blood volume; this poses a problem for the disorder as these changes aren’t noticed until there…

Heart failure results in low cardiac output and inadequate filling of the arteries which causes the heart to be unable to pump enough blood to meet with tissue demand of oxygen and nutrients. Consequently, the neurohormonal system activates several feedback mechanisms. The baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus that normally inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity are blunted in the patient who is experiencing heart failure. This results in high levels of circulating…

diagnosis: Diagnosis is usually made from patient history and find other causes of heart failure. (The signs and symptoms for heart failure dyspnea, fluid retention, peripheral edema, nausea.) The most helpful tools of the diagnosis is echocardiogram. The chest x-ray identify the heart enlargement. Character’s : • Heart failure symptoms, including unexplained right heart failure • Arrhythmias • Conduction abnormalities • Thromboembolic events • angina pectoris managements : Heart-Healthy…