Albedo

Water is the key element to support the life and preserves natural ecosystems on earth. In the history of civilization water plays an important role for the establishment of habitat and also for expansion of trade. Most of the towns and cities were developed near sources of drinking water and along rivers for transportation. Mesopotamia was situated between the major rivers Tigris and Euphrates and the ancient society of the Egyptians depended entirely upon the Nile for agriculture productivity.…

In the late 1950’s the United States was in the middle of an arms and intelligence race with the Soviet Union. Part of this intelligence race was over who had supremacy in space. The Soviet Union was the front-runner in 1957 when they launched the first man made satellite into space that orbited the Earth (Miller 16). The following year Kim Mcquaid says NASA was created to develop the United States’ non-military space effort (Mcquaid). On May 25, 1961 President John F. Kennedy set a goal for…

Global Warming The climate system of Earth responds to changes in external factors that are able to push the climate towards warming or cooling. These factors include changes in atmosphere composition (concentration of greenhouse gases), volcanic eruptions, and solar activity changes. All of these factors combined create current tendency of climate change that is described by the term “global warming”. Global warming is the continuous rise in average temperature of Earth's climate system.…

Solar Energy Solar energy is one of the greatest inventions that has changed lives by bringing power to thousands, and has the potential to help all! The sun emits enormous amounts of solar radiation. Solar panels are built with a very complex structure. Solar power is being used all around the world, mostly by more developed countries, and has the potential to be effective everywhere in Africa. Solar energy can be used for everyones electricity needs by making their home efficient and power…

We’ve been listening for alien signals for several decades, though the silence has led as many to wonder if we are listening for the right things as those wondering if there are any aliens at all. What many fail to understand is how many signals a civilization like ours produces that are lost to the background noise before anyone outside our system would hear it, much less what they might learn if they were able to pick up our signals? What signals would an alien civilization detect? And what…

The first problem we may meet is the extremely low temperatures (200 degrees K) on Enceladus. The smooth surface makes it have the highest reflectivity in the solar system, and its albedo is as high as 138%. The average temperature during nights is much lower than most of other planets, which is only -198 degrees centigrade (75 degrees Kelvin). (Dunbar, 2016) This will be a dangerous problem that may leads to failing. Keeping machines…

The RCP8.5 Future of Sub-Saharan Africa and High Northern Latitudes by 2100 1. Introduction 1.1 RCPs and RCP8.5 RCPs is short for Representative Concentration Pathways, which are a set of four new scenarios defined by their approximate total radiative forcing in 2100 relative 1750: 2.6 W/m2 for RCP2.6, 4.5 W/m2 for RCP4.5, 6.0 W/m2 for RCP6.0, and 8.5 W/m2 for RCP8.5, for the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC. RCP2.6 represents a mitigation scenario resulting in a very low forcing level. RCP4.5…

More than 150 years ago, the invention of the camera, a now every day item, was made and its later counterparts would be the technology to predict deadly catastrophes and save millions of people. This modern technology is known as remote sensing. The term “remote sensing” was used first by Evelyn Pruitt of the U.S. Office of Naval Research in the 1950s. It is “commonly used to describe science-and art-of identifying, observing, and measuring an object without coming into direct contact with it”…

emitted by various sources linger in the atmosphere. While these gases stay in the atmosphere, they will interfere with the energy that enters and leaves earth. Normally, the sun releases long-wave energy that hits earth’s surface and our average albedo of 30% (NASA, 2011) will send 30% of the sun’s energy back into space…

Insulating or not insulating? This is the question Being the effect of green roofs on energy use closely related to specific climate conditions. In the following a geographically explicit investigation of the effects of thermal insulation, growing medium and plant selection on the thermal efficacy of the installation of green roofs is proposed. This section summarizes the findings related to a number of case studies about green roofs and their thermal behaviour both monitored and modelled. Green…