AKT

INVIVO AND INVITRO STUDIES ON CHEMOPROTECTIVE EFFICACY OF RESVERATROL IN BREAST CANCER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BREAST CANCER: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and it is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women worldwide. Diet and Nutrition play a key role in carcinogenesis process, as reflected in the global differences in breast cancer incidence worldwide. High fat content, meat and low fiber diets were associated with high breast cancer incidence rates whereas…

O vergrowth syndromes Longitudinal growth results from multifactorial and complex processes that take place in the broader context of different genetic traits and environmental influences (Neylon, 2012). Overgrowth syndromes comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders that lead to excessive tissue proliferation, which is characterized by a phenotype of excessive somatic and visceral growth. A myriad of syndromes are characterized by substantial localized or asymmetric tissue overgrowth,…

Topic: Molecular mechanism of dietary restriction in ageing Title: Dietary restriction and mTOR signalling pathway in lifespan extension Dietary restriction (DR), which is reduced intake of all dietary constituents except vitamins and minerals, was first shown to extend the lifespan of rats 80 years ago (McCay, 1930). Since then, many studies have proven that DR can extend longevity on wide range of taxa (Fontana et al., 2010). In addition, research done on animal models reveals that there…

muscle and ribosomes. During exercise it is speculated that the body has a mechanoreceptor to sense resistance training. This is said to be involved in the activation of mTORC₁ along with growth factors, IGF-1 and insulin, and amino acids from the Akt pathway. Endurance training releases high levels of AMPK in the muscle cell causing inhibition of the mTORC₁ pathway (Laplante& Sabatini, 2009). Ribosome formation is also promoted by mTORC₁ and transcribes proteins for the acquisition of muscle…

CDH2 CDH2 gene codes for the protein N-cadherin, also known as Cadherin-2 (CDH2), or neural cadherin (NCAD). Studies on this gene has discovered that it is located on Chromosome 18-NC_000018.10, assembly GRCh38.p2 on humans, and contains 20 exons.(9) N-cadherin is one of the classification of the cadherin superfamily, and is composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, highly conserved cytoplasmic tail and a transmembrane region. This protein’s purpose is to mediate cell-cell adhesion by…

Satellite cells may also fuse with one another to develop a new muscle [2] which results in hyperplasia. Supplements such as; protein, BCAA, and HMB target supplying nutrients necessary for the recovery phase as well as they stimulate mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathways [3]. Creatine…

mediators causing an influx of neutrophils to that particular joint (Doherty, 2009). The TLR2, TLR4, and the TLR adaptor protein MyD88 stimulate phagocytosis of the MSU crystals. When the TLR2 and TLR4 recognize the MSU crystals, MYD88, Rac1, and AKt signaling transducer activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-KB and multiple other pro-inflammatory mediators (Doherty, 2009; Moi, Sriranganathan, Edward, & Buchbinder, 2013). The mediators contain neutrophilic cytosolic proteins, such as…

This is not happen in our study due to using selenium and vitamin E. This because selenium and vitamin E inhibit protein kinase and AKT, which leads to decrease the expression of NF-ĸB and VEGF, So they can decrease gemcitabine resistance and increase its apoptotic effect and also, inhibit metastasis post-RFA (Li et al., 1998; Curley et al., 1999; Gopalakrishna & Gundimeda, 2002; Vivanco & Sawyers, 2002; Yang et al., 2005; Meng et al., 2007) . HCC patients treated with RFA plus selenium and…

growth factor receptor signalling. Ras proteins are small GTPase which cycle between inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound forms & are critical for cell proliferation, Survival & differentiation. Ras can activate downstream effectors including PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK…

1. Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) can be ranked as the sixth leading cancer by incidence worldwide (1,2). Every year, there are more than 550,000 patients diagnosed with head and neck cancers worldwide and around 300,000 related deaths (3). Squamous cell carcinomas represent 90% of cases and mostly arise from the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. SCCHN can be divided into three stages: early stage (I/II), locally…