Agonist

Although very specific dosing parameters are required to produce place preferences for many drugs in the CPP paradigm (Bardo and Bevins 2000; Tzschentke 1998, the ability of cannabinoids, such as THC and the synthetic CB1 receptor high-efficacy agonist CP 55,940, to produce a place preference in rats and mice are particularly sensitive to the timing of injections as well as on the range of doses used (Lepore et al. 1995; Valjent and 2000; Braida et al. 2001; Ghozland et al. 2002). For…

involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity” (p.1). According to Drugs.com (2016), the mechanism of dextromethorphan “ Dextromethorphan is an opioid-like drug that binds to and acts as antagonist to the NMDA glutamatergic receptor, it is an agonist to the opioid sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, it is also an alpha3/beta4 nicotinic receptor antagonist and targets the serotonin reuptake pump. Dextromethorphan is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, where it enters the…

Puberty is considered to be a period of transition consisting of both physiological and morphological changes when an individual becomes a fecund adult from a juvenile. All mammals undergo puberty (1) although the precise timing of this event is different for each species. Pubertal onset, in mammals, is governed by the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from…

An eighty-five year old female came in with lower abdominal pain that had persisted for a few days. This patient has a history of hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), dyslipidemia, glaucoma, deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, and is a former smoker that quit 10 years ago. She has not been diagnosed with COPD or any other respiratory problems and had not had any significant surgeries. When she came into the emergency department her vitals were as follows: blood pressure 121/57,…

absorbed and because of this, time to peak concentration varies from one to five hours. The drug utilises its activity by binding to and activating μ opioid receptors centrally and in the periphery. This produces the effects common to all μ opioid agonists, such as analgesia, euphoria, constipation, sedation and respiratory depression. Additionally, “methadone antagonises N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which may increase its effectiveness in the treatment of neuropathic pain compared with other…

synaptic signaling has been discovered and scientists can directly apply those drugs in order to fix any abnormality in the progress of cell signaling. One of the potential causes of Parkinson’s disease is the shortage of dopamine. That’s why dopamine agonists are used to treat some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Taking those medications are efficient way to increase the concentration of dopamine level and maintain the normalcy of cell signaling. Despite we need to continue to improve…

Functional ankle instability has been described as having continuing episodes of the ankle giving way, weakness, and general disability. This is usually caused by deficits in strength, proprioception, and functional performance; which is why often rehabilitation is based on improving these. Often what causes these deficits is the result of having multiple ankle sprains. The article is a randomized control trial aimed at “comparing the effects of resistance-bands (RBP) and proprioceptive…

Case 2: Drug selection in treatment of migraine-Triptan Migraine is a severe headache felt as a throbbing pain at the front or side of the head. Triptan, the 5-hydroxytryptamine agonists are widely used as first-line abortive therapies for migraine headache patients. The currently available triptans offer clear evidence of improved clinical and economic outcomes compared with previous anti-migraine therapies, such as ergotamine alkaloids. However, the clinical and economic benefits of triptans…

Parkinson’s Disease vs. Alzheimer’s Introduction The umbrella term of dementia has upscale of 7 million reported cases in the US a year, however, the symptoms of certain dementias can range from merely forgetfulness to unbearable tremors. To demonstrate the broad spectrum of dementia diseases, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s will be juxtaposed. Alzheimer’s disease is generally a memory disabling disease while Parkinson’s disease attacks motor skills. In the following pages an overview of dementia…

First, the teacher is standing up in front of the student, and she standing agonist the board. Second, there are six children that the appear in this picture. One of the children has an eraser on his head. Three of the children are girls and the rest are boys. Third, there are some food and flowers on the table. Also, the board has…