Adverse effect

similar to insulin in glycemic control. By using metformin, the body reduces the amount of glucose production, it also helps promote insulin sensitivity and increases glucose uptake. Use of metformin in gestational diabetes was associated with fewer adverse outcomes compared with insulin. Women treated with insulin had higher rates of C-section than women treated with metformin or diet. Metformin is not associated with increased perinatal complications. There is no maternal or fetal risks…

making use of recommended doses, due to lack of inactivation of the 6-MP metabolites, can have a tissue accumulation of the drug and consequently adverse effects, mainly related to myelosuppression23. In fact, thiopurines have a very narrow therapeutic index, which means that the maximum tolerated dose is very close to that capable of generating an adverse effect. Hence, it is of fundamental importance to recognize the factors that may increase the risk of toxicity of these drugs. One of them is…

treatment of HIV associated anoxeria and weight loss in absence of supporting clinical evidence. This has raised the concern about the safety of marijuana smoking by subjects with an acquired immune deficiency. The safety concern is not only pertaining to effect of THCthe immune system but also for the endocrine system, nervous system and respiratory system on long term and heavy use of marijuana. The use of marijuana was increased due to anecdotes that were established around 20 to 50 years ago…

depending on pain management and adverse effects.4 If adverse effects from the ketamine begin to occur, the dose of ketamine can be reduced by 50%, and then gradually increased to the lowest effective dose. Side effects that can potentially occur with ketamine are hallucinations, vivid dreams, hypertension, and respiratory depression. While the patient is receiving ketamine, close monitoring for unwanted side effects should be done. Prophylactic options for ketamine side effects include…

to prevent. With adverse reactions being minimal, eradicating diseases, and saving lives it is imperative that there are policies in place to ensure that vaccine protocols are put in place and enforced. Like any medications, vaccines can cause some side effects too. Most of them are very minor and minimal. Some side effects that are commonly seen are headaches, pain at the injection site, and redness at the injection site. Side effects are different than adverse reactions. Adverse reactions are…

Adverse drug events affect millions of patients each year and are responsible for up to 5% of hospital admissions resulting in significant increase in costs of healthcare [1,2]. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) are important adverse drug events because they are often predictable based on previous reports, clinical studies, and an understanding of pharmacologic principles. Some adverse drug events have life-threatening consequences and may prompt the removal of popular medications from the…

a specific type of genetic inter-trait linkage, pleiotropy, as an evolutionary explanation for senescence (Williams 2001). Pleiotropy, or inter-trait linkage exists in a way to make it difficult for the evolution process to remove an individually adverse trait, such as aging, without simultaneously removing one or more beneficial traits. To explain further, inter-trait linkage is the phenomenon where one gene controls more than one phenotypic trait in an organism, where at least one of these…

childbearing age. The cocaine is either smoked or injected into the system. The drug has many health effects of an individual but has the most adverse effects on the newborn babies. To judge whether one should adopt the newborn baby or not, one should first identify the effects of a child raised by a drug addict and the effects of adoption on the child. This will help one weigh the option with the most adverse effects and eventually make the right decision. Newborn babies…

potency, enhanced PDE III selectivity, shorter half life and favorable adverse effect profile. Mechanism of action: Milrinone's selective inhibition of PDE III leads to elevated levels of cAMP with cardiac and smooth muscle cells. Consequently, positive inotropism and arterial and venous vasodilation are observed contributing to its therapeutic action in CHF patients. These dual actions, positive inotropic and vasodilation effects have led to milrinone being termed a ‘inodilator’. When infused…

loss of memory and cognition along with difficulty urinating are both side effects caused by diphenhydramine. The mechanism of this drug is to compete with histamine at receptors throughout the body and will cause “anticholinergic and sedative effects.” The number one precaution of administering diphenhydramine is that it can cause CNS depression and prevent coherent cognitive function of the patient. The CNS depression effects could be the likely cause of the patient’s loss of memory and…