Adverse drug reaction

the enzyme catalyzed biological reactions are reversible in nature. However, an enzyme may prefer to catalyze the reaction more efficiently in one direction over the other under given physiological concentrations of substrate or product (substrate in the reverse direction). An enzyme favouring a virtual unidirectional catalysis of an overall reversible reaction can’t escape the laws of thermodynamics. As a catalyst doesn’t change the equilibrium constant of a reaction but only modifies the…

Acid base balance is a part of homeostasis for maintaining the pH of the body. It is necessary for the functioning of enzymes and structural integrity of proteins. In case of an unacceptably large variation in the pH of the body, the enzymes lose their normal function, the proteins get denatured, and in extreme cases, death might result. The normal pH of human blood is 7.4, the acceptable range being 7.35-7.45. In the…

The purpose of the experiment was to observe limiting reactants by using a fixed amount of one reagent along with a varying the amount of the second reagent used in a chemical reaction. Through these results, the concept of limiting reactants can be determined. Using a graph to demonstrate the relation between the volumes of hydrogen gas produced versus the moles of the reagents will help figure out the stoichiometric balance required. The success of the experiment will be determined by the…

economy, the human body, and the environment, copper has been studied and manipulated to explore its uses and properties. In the experiment performed, the copper cycle was observed by placing copper through a series of chemical reactions to demonstrate the different reaction types. Materials and Methods To begin the experiment, a 50 mL beaker was placed on a hot plate with a ring stand along with a fume hood made out of a funnel, rubber tubing, and an aspirator. Before advancing through the…

Introduction Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. Enzymes are able to do this by bringing two substrates together and having them bind to the enzyme itself. This allows the enzyme to lower the activation energy required to start the chemical reaction by forcing the substrates into an unstable transition state. In order to make sure the substrates fit, enzymes are able to mold their half-moon shape to fit around the substrates.…

biological catalysts that increases the rate of chemical reactions (JRank Articles). With the use of enzymes it can accelerate certain reaction rates at a faster past then if the reaction was moving at it natural speed (JRank Articles). The activity of enzymes are control by many things like environment, inhibitors, and regulatory binding sites that happens on the enzyme(JRank Articles).The overall reaction in the natural setting which was the basic reaction in this experiment was in a time…

Chemical reactions can be categorized based on the release or absorption of energy. For instance, chemical reactions that release energy are known as exothermic reactions and have a positive change in enthalpy. Moreover, chemical reactions that absorb energy are endothermic, which have a negative change in enthalpy. Since the energy released is usually heat, keeping track of the heat flow in reactions will help determine the change in enthalpy of a reaction. Observing the measurement of heat…

the raw force of feeling” (70). O’Brien tests us by retelling the story of Curt Lemon’s death four times, four different ways, four different reactions. In one version, the detail is on Curt Lemon, in the next, only the basics are told, in the third, O’Brien’s experience is the focal point, and in the last, it’s about sunshine. O’Brien tells us his own reaction to each of them: “I still remember that trail junction,” “This one does it for me,” “This one wakes me up,” and “I can still see the…

rate of reactions are affected by volume affects and determine which chemical affects the solution rate of reaction. Temperature was also a factor in discovering how it will affect the speed of the reaction. This was done by gathering certain chemicals and mixing them into a test tube then recording how long it took to change color. Temperature was tested by placing the test tube in ice water over a hot plate and slowlying increasing the temperature. Sodium thiosulfate slows the rate of reaction…

solid-phase synthesis methodology of N-substituted-2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine derivatives was developed. The key step in this synthesis strategy is tandem reaction of isothiocyanate terminated resin 2 with o-halo-2-aminopyrazine, affording cyclized 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine resin 4. To increase the diversity of our library, Suzuki coupling reaction was performed at the position C6. Further functionalization of 2-aminothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine core skeleton with various electrophiles such…