Adrenergic receptor

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (MAchR) and serotonin (5-HT) receptors which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) are well-known for their role in regulating contractions of smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract with primarily M3 receptors and 5-HT2A receptors contributing to muscle contractions respectively. The present results clearly demonstrate that rat ileum contracts in response to agonists Ach (Fig. 1) and 5-HT (Fig. 2). Ach binds to M3 receptor coupled to Gq…

Thank you for responding on my post. I agreed your statement that heart failure is complex diagnosis also pharmacological treatments depends on the condition type, severity, etiology. Heart failure is one of the most frequent cardiac diagnosis for hospitalization to patient, the undesirable effect of long term coronary artery disease also increase prevalence of heart failure (Ciccone,2016). Congestive heart failure (CHF) or heart failure most commonly refer as decompensation and cardiac…

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect an individual’s response to drugs. This is a new field that combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop fruitful, safe medicines and doses that will be customized to a human genetic makeup. Now drugs that are available are “one size fits all,” but they do not effective for every person. It is very tough to augur that a person get benefit from drug or not, and…

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication hormone and neurotransmitter. This medication is used for a few conditions such as anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest and superficial. Epinephrine also releases a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion. this is known as adrenaline. Adrenaline is produced and released from the adrenal glands and its major action, together with…

(messengers) and also is an expression product of the obesity gene. Leptin plays a very important role in depot fat, weight control, and energy consumption. Therefore, people who have the lesion 's leptin receptor or lack of leptin will have obesity and type 2 diabetes for sure. And since the leptin receptor is diseased, the central nervous system will no longer get the information from each organ and how much fats have been stored. Thus, the CNS cannot control the weight and the adipocyte will…

of reduced levels of vitamin K. Therefore, warfarin indirectly reduces the synthesis of these clotting factors (Wigle et al., 2013). Cimetidine: Cimetidine is a histamine-2 receptor antagonist. The mechanism of action of cimetidine is as a histamine H2 receptor antagonist. It inhibits histamine binding to histamine H2 receptors. Cimetidine inhibits gastric acid secretion as well as pepsin and gastrin output (PubChem, 2017). Pseudoephedrine: Pseudoephedrine is a phenethylamine that is used…

builds up and 5-HT1A receptors are downregulated. The presynaptic neuron then becomes disinhibited to release more serotonin. First generation antipsychotics or typical antipsychotics are D2 antagonists. They lower neurotransmission in the four dopamine pathways. Typical antipsychotics have a high affinity for D2 receptors or dopamine receptors. Second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics are serotonin-dopamine antagonists. They do so by blocking serotonin receptors. This…

after acute acetaminophen ingestion may have significant liver injury and even liver failure (INR greater than 1.5, acidosis or encephalopathy). Intubate patients with altered mental status and resuscitate hypotensive patients with crystalloid and adrenergic vasopressors. Treat coagulopathic patients who are bleeding with fresh frozen plasma. Patients with renal failure may require renal replacement therapy. Administer intravenous acetylcysteine to all patients with liver injury. Patients with…

Introduction Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a world wide health problem resulting in one-fifth of unexpected deaths in the western world. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is one of the life-threatening arrhythmias contributing to the increasing number of individuals needing urgent medical assistance (Wellens, Gorgels & Munter, 2013). The following case study will explore a complex critically ill patient who has suffered from a ventricular tachycardia (VT) and VF due to dilated left ventricle (LV)…

The main measures for interview is established by good rapport, respect patient privacy, recognize face value, move to the patient's field of vision, SOLER as a reminder to sit directly, have an open posture, lean forward, make eye contact and relax, ask open-ended questions, one thing at a time, listen, culture matters, and avoid the medical terminology. This writer sets into view to interview an African-American gentleman with a two years history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)…