Adenosine

extremely high doses of caffeine can be considered a drug, but the normal daily intake of the drug which is obtained through drinks and some food items such as coffee and candy bars can trigger a dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and blocks adenosine receptors (Chawla, 2015). This then directly affects the central…

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a rare systemic condition that affects renal functioning and can develop into a life threatening disease with lasting complications. HUS is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells due to damage of small blood vessels), thrombocytopenia (an abnormal drop in platelet count) and impaired renal function (Nayer, A. & Asif, A., 2013). HUS can often onset after an infection of Escherichia coli which is a Shiga toxin-producing…

Proteins Proteins are large, complex macromolecules that play many important roles in organisms. They are required for the regulation, structure, and function of the body’s organs and tissues. Some may act as antibodies, chemical messengers, enzymes, structural components, and transport devices within the cell. Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller subunits known as amino acids. Amino acids are made up of a single carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a…

cardiologist—should know about this important nutrient. What is CoQ10? CoQ10 is an essential nutrient that resides in the mitochondria, which are the tiny “energy factories” inside each of your cells. It’s the catalyst that sparks the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is…

a chain reaction, in the form of an ischaemic cascade. This begins seconds after the onset of ischaemia. The ischaemic cascade is a biological reaction, it starts when there is a lack of oxygen and glucose this prevents the cells from creating adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP); this is the energy supply for cells. The organelle mitochondria, produces ATP, which regulates the chemicals within the cell,…

Introduction: Caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world. It has antioxidant and insecticide properties that can affect metabolism and cognition. Men and women aged 35 to 64 years are among the highest consumers of caffeine. Major sources of caffeine were coffee (71%), soft drinks (16%), and tea (12%). Coffee was the major source of caffeine in the diets of adults, whereas soft drinks were the primary source for children and teens [2].…

The kidney is an organ in our body that removes waste and balance fluids. Polycystic kidney disease is a disorder that causes many fluid-filled sacs to build up. Those sacs are called cysts, that ends up on the kidneys. When the fluid - filled cysts cover the whole kidney, it cause the kidney to become enlarged.The cysts can lead to kidney failure and development in other organs in the body, in most cases the liver as well. Mode of Inheritance and Biological Mechanisms Polycystic kidney disease…

CHAPTER I What is a workout? A workout can be defined as a physical activity that includes twenty five percent perspiration and seventy five percent of determination. It can also be stated in other words as one part physical exertion and three parts self discipline. Doing it is very easy but getting started is difficult. A workout has the ability to make you better than you were yesterday. It has the power to strengthen the body, relax the mind, toughen the spirit and boosts up your confidence…

C0MPARING AND CONTRASTING OPIATE ANALGESICS, TRAMADOL AND MORPHINE BMS291 An opioid is defined as “A drug that contains opium, opium derivatives or synthetic drugs that have an opium-like effect.” (Harris, 2010) Morphine is a prototype opioid that is used to treat patients with moderate to severe pain usually associated with postoperative pain or neoplastic disease. (Tiziani, 2010) Morphine produces pharmacological actions such as pain relief, by acting on receptors located on neural cell…

helicases (RLH), C-type lectin receptors (CLR) and NLR. These germline-encoded PRRs are capable of recognizing highly conserved, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as lippopolysaccharide (LPS), release of danger signals, such as Adenosine-5 '-triphosphate (ATP), or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) induced by either pathogens or sterile inflammatory insults. PRRs can be subdivided into two major classes based on their subcellular localization. TLR’s and CLR are…