Exercise is physical movement accomplished through the contraction of skeletal muscles. These contractions require significant amounts of energy and constitute a major physiological function. The energy for contractions is provided by ATP which can be synthesized from many different substrates.K The metabolic demands of skeletal muscle incurred through brief and acute exercise and be fulfilled through hydrolysis of creatine phosphate which provides energy to synthesize ATP from ADP. For longer…
Riboflavin contains a tricyclic dimethyl-isoalloxazine ring (Flavin Nucleus) that is conjugated to a 1-Carbon ribityl, an alcohol derived from pentose sugar D-ribose, is attached at the 9 position of isoalloxazine nucleus as shown in Figure 1. The metabolically active coenzymes of riboflavin are riboflavin -5-phosphate or Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that participate in many vital oxidation reduction processes. Catalytic sites of some enzymes are covalently…
succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase. The Cori Cycle has many parts to it ultimately leading to the breakdown of glucose and the diffusion of lactate with the liver. In the Cori cycle there is the conversion of glucose to lactate through anaerobic glycolysis in muscle cells, the diffusion of lactate from muscle cells into the bloodstream then being transported to the liver. To the conversion of lactate to glucose through…
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy carrier within cells. ATP is a nucleotide and consists of adenine, a ribose sugar and a triphosphate unit. ATP is “an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds” and, a significant amount of energy is released when these bonds are broken1. Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway whereby mitochondria in living cells generate ATP from the oxidation of nutrients. This process involves the transfer…
Sophie, Rebecca, and Indrani Scrpit: I: (Hello; Hi) We studied Cellular Respiration. For our project, we made a working model. This box (points to box) represents a cell. As you can see, we’ve drawn the parts of the cell on the box. R: The equation for cellular respiration is Glucose + Oxygen-----------> Carbon Dioxide+ Water+ Energy. First, glucose, which is in the cell, (drops into mitochondria) is the first of the two raw materials used. The next is oxygen (drops whatever oxygen is…
The purpose of the study was to test the effect of various lighting conditions on the rate of photosynthesis. The prediction for this experiment was that if a plant receives more light, then it will have a higher rate of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into sugars such as glucose using energy from the sun. It is basically how plants make their own food. In order to make this food plants need carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Plants obtain these…
Tumor metabolism is associated with increase in glycolytic pathways by what is known as the Warburg effect. The lack of oxygen due to decreased vascularization makes the mutated cells rely on an anaerobic production of lactate from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase accompanied by the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, with a net production of 2 ATP as their main energy source. The NAD+ produced is used as an electron acceptor by the mitochondrial transport chain requiring a stable and high concentration…
The experiences in the Biology 230 course will certainly continue to influence me in my understand of and how I approach topics in following biology and science courses. The reason why I say this is that the process that information is taught in the lecture course was a bit different from how some other courses would normally be taught. Comparing this course to previously biology and chemistry courses, this course focuses on the why rather than what is the answer. This certainly helps as it…
Making ATP from Free fatty Acids:- The other two energy substrates, FFAs and AAs, bypass glycolysis and ultimately enter the TCA cycle/oxidative phosphorylation as pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or different components of the TCA cycle. FFAs are released from adipose tissue by lipolysis and circulate in blood bound to serum albumin. Transport proteins then translocate FFAs into cells. FFAs are metabolized in mitochondria by the repetitive, cyclic process of β oxidation. This requires the transport of…
Using a specific example discuss a possible target for the development of anti-mycobacterial therapeutics ATP synthase is a main enzyme used to produce ATP in respiration of a cell. It makes use of a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cell membrane to generate ATP. By transporting protons back across the membrane, using ADP and a phosphate ion to create ATP. Normally most bacteria can gain enough ATP to grow optimally through substrate level phosphorylation, however it has been shown that M.…